THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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THE 

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SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S 

MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


A   LABOR-SAVING  ADAPTATION  OF  THE  ISAAC  PITMAN  PHONOGRAPHY, 
CONDUCTING   THE  STUDENT 

Into  the  Reporting  Style  at  the  Outset. 

AS  TAUGHT  IN  THE 

BRYANT  £  STRATTON  BUSINESS  and  SHORT-HAND  SCHOOL 
SAINT  LOUIS,  MO. 


THOS.  M.  ROGERS  AND  W.  M.  CARPENTER. 


PUBLISHED  FOR  W.  M.  CARPENTER. 


ST.  LOUIS: 

RIVERSIDE  PRINTING  HOUSE,  302  N.  MAIN  STREET, 

1885. 


Eatered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1885, 

BY 

WILBUR  MARVIN  CARPENTER, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at 

Washington,  D.  C. 


PREFACE. 


This  work  although  small  is  the  result  of  long  study  and 
observation,  and  a  careful  study  of  its  pages  will  lead  to  the 
acquisition  of  the  Reporting  Style  of  Short-hand  in  as  short  a 
time  as  is  generally  required  to  master  the  Corresponding  Style. 
While  in  a  condensed  form,  every  principle  is  presented  and 
nothing  which  would  aid  the  student  has  been  omitted.  The 
original  intention  was  to  issue  only  a  small  pamphlet  advocating 
and  explaining  a  method  of  teaching  the  Reporting  Style  from 
the  outset  by  means  of  writing  exercises,  consisting  of  mono- 
syllables and  short  words  in  ordinary  use,  and  the  reduction  of  the 
usual  large  list  of  "  grammalogues,"  first  suggested  and  put  into 
actual  practice  years  ago  by  Dr.  W.  M.  Carpenter,  proprietor  of 
the*Bryant  &  Stratton  College,  St.  Louis,  and  a  copyright  was 
secured  in  1884.  However,  in  the  course  of  teaching,  various 
other  improvements,  among  which  were  a  simple  aid  in  memor- 
izing the  consonants,  the  grouping  of  the  vowel  sounds  in  their 
proper  position  with  reference  to  the  line  of  writing,  and  compre- 
hensive illustrated  rules  for  writing  outlines  in  position,  rules  for 
the  use  of  the  stroke  or  contracted  W,  phrase  writing  at  the  out- 
set, method  of  writing  the  combination  s  and  r,  the  proper  em- 
ployment of  the  I  and  r  hooks,  method  of  representing  the  combi- 
nation s,  t  and  r,  s,  t  and  /,  s,  t  and  v,  and  s,  t  and  M,  when  to  use 
the  /  or  v  hook  in  the  middle  of  words,  the  proper  use  of  the  ter- 
hook,  what  half-length  stems  should  not  be  joined,  a  sign  for  the 
combination  r  and  m,  when  to  use  the  stroke  MP-B,  considering 
all  words  either  primitive  or  derivative,  a  list  of  "  regular  pre- 
fixes," which  enables  the  student  to  write  any  word  with  but  lit- 
tle if  any  hesitation,  rules  for  forming  contractions,  expression  of 
initials,  method  of  acquiring  speed,  list  of  words  taking  the  I  or  r 
hooks,  the  simplification  of  the  various  rules  and  principles,  and 

452^06 


l.  PREFACE. 

reading  exercises  consisting  of  monosyllables,  words  in  ordinary 
use  and  those  which  generally  prove  troublesome  to  the  student, 
all  unvocalized  and  written  in  the  proper  position,  were  intro- 
duced by  Thos.  M.  Rogers,  the  instructor,  and  it  was  finally  de- 
cided to  issue  a  complete  manual,  differing  from  all  others  hereto- 
fore published  In.  that  the  science  of  Short-hand  can  easily  be 
learned  from  it  without  the  aid  of  a  teacher.  In  accordance  with 
this  idea,  everything  that  puzzled  the  student  was  noted,  every 
principle  that  appeared  difficult  to  understand  was  carefully 
studied  to  find  the  best  method  of  simplifying  it,  rules  were  writ- 
ten and  rewritten,  and  nothing  was  left  undone  which  would  in 
any  manner  lessen  the  labor  of  the  student.  When  the  lessons 
were  so  arranged,  by  the  instructor,  that  the  student  without 
hard  study  could  in  a  week  or  ten  days  begin  dictation  practice 
with  an  excellent  understanding  of  the  Reporting  Style  of  Short- 
hand, preparations  were  made  for  the  publication  of  the  Manual. 
Few  text  books  contain  more  useful  engraved  Short-hand,  and 
none  such  valuable  and  systematically  arranged  writing  exer- 
cises with  sentences  keyed  so  that  the  student  knows  whether  or 
not  to  take  advantage  of  any  preceding  shortening  methods. 

The  "  Corresponding  Style "  has  been  ignored,  because  it 
accustoms  the  student  to  a  disconnected  and  lengthy  style  of 
writing  wholly  incompatible  with  rapid  work,  which  it  is  neces- 
sary to  unlearn  before  proficiency  in  the  Reporting  Style  can  be 
acquired.  The  Reporting  Style  is  taken  up  at  the  beginning,  and 
the  exercises  are  so  arranged  that  no  word  is  given  the  student  to 
write  until  all  the  principles  contained  in  the  proper  formation  of 
the  outline  have  been  presented ;  hence  there  can  be  no  hesitancy 
in  writing  the  word  in  actual  reporting,  because  but  one  outline 
has  ever  been  used  to  express  it.  By  discarding  the  "Corres- 
ponding Style"  much  time  has  been  saved  the  student  which  can 
be  employed  to  excellent  advantage  in  practicing  from  dictation, 
and  a  speed  of  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  words  a  minute 
attained  in  less  than  one-half  the  time  required  by  the  old 
method  of  instruction. 

The  most  noticeable  feature,  however,  is  the  absence  of  a  large 
list  of  "grammalogues"  or  ''word  signs,"  thus  saving  the  student 
a  vast  amount  of  hard  study.  The  word  signs  given  are  sug- 
gestive of  the  words  of  which  they  are  symbols,  and  the  task  of 
memorizing  them  is  thus  materially  lessened.  This  reduction  is 
made  by  the  employment  of  various  shortening  principles  and  the 


PREFACE.  Hi. 

application  of  a  few  rules  compiled  expressly  for  this  work. 
Over  three-fourths  of  the  "grammalogues,"  given  in  Pitman's 
"Reporter's  Companion"  to  be  memorized  are  only  the  skeletons 
of  the  words,  are  not  arbitrary  or  contracted  in  any  manner,  but 
are  simply  the  outlines  of  the  words  written  in  the  regular 
Reporting  Style.  Had  the  Reporting  Style  been  taught  from  the 
beginning  there  would  have  been  no  necessity  for  putting  these 
words  in  a  list  and  calling  them  "grammalogues"  and  much  val- 
uable time  consumed  in  this  memorization  could  be  saved  and 
better  employed  in  writing  from  dictation. 

The  rules  for  the  formation  of  contractions  will  be  found  of 
great  value,  and  their  employment  will  do  away  with  the  neces- 
sity of  burdening  the  memory  with  a  large  list  of  contracted 
outlines,  as  words  can  be  legibly  contracted  at  will  and  without 
hesitation.  The  rules  are  the  result  of  careful  observation  and 
experiment. 

The  consonant  stems  are  those  given  in  Pitman's  "Ninth" 
Edition  of  Phonography,  and  admit  of  no  improvement.  They 
furnish  better  Phonographic  material  than  those  of  hie  last,  or 
"Tenth"  Edition,  and  having  stood  the  test  of  time  stand  upon 
their  merits.  The  various  modifications  are  those  suggested  by 
the  leading  American  reporters — ones  that  have  stood  the  severe 
test  of  actual  verbatim  reporting — and  have  been  introduced  into 
the  work  for  the  purpose  of  givir-g  the  student  a  Short-hand  con- 
taining not  only  Isaac  Pitman's  ideas,  but  also  those  of  others,  and 
one  that  is  legible,  rapid,  easy  of  acquisition  and  founded  upon 
the  best. 

THE  AUTHORS. 


ADVICE  70  STUDENTS. 


Phonography    should   always^ 
be   written   on  single  ruled 
paper,  with  about  half-an 
inch   space   between   the 
lines.     The  pen  or  ptn 
oil  should  be  held  be- 
tween the  first  and 
second  fingers,  and 
be  kept  in  place 
by    a     gentL 
pressure     of 
the  thumb. 


The  characters  must  be  made  correctly,  of  proper  slope,  length  and 
shade,  instead  of  hurriedly;  speed  comes  by  practice.  Simple 
curved  stems  must  have  no  hooks  or  flourishes  at  the  ends,  and 
perpendicular  stems  must  not  lean  to  the  right. 

The  consonants  should  be  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  in  length, — 
not  more  under  any  consideration,  until  the  lengthening  principle 
is  reached.  A  habit  easy  to  contract  but  difficult  to  dispose  of  is 
that  of  writing  the  outlines  too  long,  and  should  be  avoided  if  the 
student  wishes  to  succeed  as  a  reporter.  Long  outlines  retard 
speed,  and  have  to  be  made  hurriedly  and  therefore  less  accu- 
rately than  though  the  stems  were  shorter.  In  rapidly  writing 
the  hand  naturally  travels  over  more  space  than  when  writing 
slowly,  and  if  the  student  permits  himself  or  is  permitted  to  write 
large  while  learning  the  theory  and  receiving  his  first  dictation 
exercise,  he  will  find  himself  handicapped  when  he  tries  to  increase 
his  speed,  and  will  either  have  to  form  a  new  style  of  writing, 
or  never  reach  the  goal  of  his  ambition.  Should  any  one 
who  may  be  studying  some  other  system,  say  your  characters 


6  THE   SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S 

are  too  Bmall,  do  not  relinquish  them  and  you  will  soon  be  able  to 
convince  your  advisor  that  he,  not  you,  has  been  writing  in- 
correctly. Heavy  curved  stems  should  be  thickest  at  the  top  and 
taper  towards  the  bottom. 

Writing  exercises  should  be  written  again  and  again  until  a 
speed  of  not  less  than  forty  words  a  minute  is  acquired ;  by  so 
doing  the  outlines  of  the  different  words  become  so  fixed  in  the 
mind,  that  there  will  be  no  hesitation  at  any  time  in  writing  thenu, 
and  the  student  begins  dictation  practice  with  a  "vocabulary"  of 
between  five  hundred  and  six  hundred  words  of  frequent  occur- 
rence, which  will  be  of  more  value  than  any  list  of  "grammalogues" 
that  could  be  compiled,  besides  having  the  principles  of  their 
formation  thoroughly  at  his  command.  Whatever  the  student 
writes  must  bo  read  and  re-read  until  there  is  no  hesitation  in  the 
transcribing,  and  this  reading  aids  to  a  remarkable  extent  the 
facility  of  writing.  The  fact  must  be  borne  in  mind:  No  matter 
how  rapidly  we  write  if  we  cannot  transcribe  our  notes,  they  are 
worse  than  useless. 

The  student  must  impress  upon  his  mind  the  fact  that  Phono- 
graphy is  writing  by  sound  and  not  according  to  the  ordinary  spel- 
ling. Thus  the  word  though  as  commonly  spelled  is  pronounced  as 
though  spelled  tho,  and  is  so  written  in  Short-hand;  neigh,  knee,  know, 
sioux,  view,  burough,  age,  match,  wreath,  wreathe,  would  be  written, 
na,  ne,  no,  su,  vu,  buro,  aj,  mack,  reth,  redh,  N  before  K  has  the  sound 
of  XG,  and  bank  should  be  written  as  though  spelled  bangk.  The 
Roman  letter  C  has  no  equivalent  sign  in  Phonography,  as  it  has 
at  times  the  sound  of  k,  s  and  sh,  as  in  the  words  cat,  ace,  commer- 
cial, which  in  Phonography  would  be  written  as  though  spelled, 
hat,  as,  komershal.  Q  and  X  also  have  no  corresponding  sign  in 
Phonography,  their  sounds  being  kw,  eks  and  egz,  they  are  so 
represented;  thus,  quail  would  be  written  kwal;  extra,  ekstra; 
exact,  egzakt;  exaggerate,  egzajrat;  exhaust,  egzawst. 

Become  perfectly  familiar  with  one  lesson  before  attempting 
another. 

Carefully  review  each  day  the  lesson  of  the  previous  one.  This 
helps  the  memory,  and  impresses  all  the  points  more  clearly  in 
the  mind. 

Read  everything  you  write,  and  spend  as  much  time  in  reading 
your  notes  as  you  do  in  writing.  A  non-observance  of  this  rule 
will  cause  infinite  trouble  in  the  student's  first  attempts  at 
reporting. 


MANU/Jj  OF  SHORT-HAND.  7 

§  1.     SIMPLE  CONSONANT  STEMS. 

TABLE  OF  CONSONANTS. 

\  Pe      \  Be        I  Te         I  De       /  CHay    /  Jay 
_  Kay   —Gay      ^eF       Vve        C  iTH       C  DHe 

)  eS         )  Ze      J  iSH     _J  ZHe    ^  eL        ^  eB, 

^  eM    v^  eN  v^  iNG     ^  Way    ^  Yay    <-^  eMP-B 

/  Hav     <f  wL    £/  wR     cr^  wM   c^  wN     -^  Eee 

§  2.  By  referring  to  the  foregoing  table  it  will  be  seen  that  B  is  a 
heavy  P,  D  a  heavy  T,  J  a  heavy  CH,  G  a  heavy  K,  V  a  heavy  F, 
DH  a  aeavy  TH,  Z  a  heavy  S,  ZH  a  heavy  SH,  W  a  heavy  R,  Y  a 
heavy  L,  MP  a  heavy  M,  and  NG  a  heavy  N.  Another  peculiarity 
is  that  the  light  consonant  sounds  are  represented  by  correspond- 
ing light  signs,  and  heavy  sounds  by  heavy  signs.  L  and  R  joined 
form  an  arch,  and  F  and  SH  joined  form  an  inverted  one,  while 
the  four  could  be  so  Joined  as  to  form  a  complete  circle.  A  circle 
divided  by  lines  written  through  it  in  the  direction  of  P  and  CH 
would  form  TH,  S,  M  and  N.  N  and  M  with  small  initial  hooks 
become  wN  and  wM,  and  L  and  Ree  with  large  initial  hooks  be- 
come wL  and  wR.  Roe  is  written  at  an  angle  half-way  between 
K  and  CH.  J  is  used  to  represent  the  soft  sound  of  G  in  such 
words  as  George,  germ,  age,  etc.,  and  G  the  hard  sounds  in  gay,  get, 
gate,  etc.  TH  is  used  in  words  having  the  sound  of  th  in  breath, 
and  DH  in  words  having  the  sounds  of  the  in  breathe,  and  th  in  they. 

\  3.  Perpendicular,  inclined  and  heavy  strokes  are  always  writ- 
ten downward. 

§  4.    Horizontal  strokes  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

\  5.  When  standing  alone  SH  is  always  written  downward  and 
L  upward.  The  straight  stem  Ree  is  always  written  upward. 

\  6.  When  standing  alone  CH  and  Ree  are  distinguished  by  a 
difference  of  slope,  CH  being  written  at  an  inclination  of  sixty 
degrees  from  the  horizontal,  and  Ree  thirty.  When  joined  to  other 
stems  they  are  distinguished  by  difference  of  stroke,  CH  always 
being  written  downward  and  Ree  upward;  thus,  /  chap,  /  x  rap. 


8 


THE  SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


VOWELS  AND  DIPHTHONGS. 

2  7.  There  are  twelve  distinct  vowel  sounds,  six  long  and  six 
short.  Three  of  the  six  long  vowels  are  indicated  by  a  heavy 
dash  and  three  by  a  heavy  dot,  written  at  the  beginning,  middle 
and  end  of  a  consonant.  Three  of  the  short  vowels  are  indicated 
by  a  light  dash  and  three  by  a  light  dot,  written  in  the  same  posi- 
tions as  the  long. 

g  8.  The  following  scale  will  show  the  signs  for  and  positions. 
of  the  vowels: 


First  place 
Second  " 


Third 


SHORT 


DOT   VOWELS. 

./*'       a  as  in  calm 

L( 

)NG  DASH  VOWELS. 
,f 

m*           a  as  in  ball 

;•""        a  as  in  fade 
ea  as  in  peal 

* 

/ 
> 

o  as  in  lode 
oo  as  in  food 

• 

DOT  VOWELS. 

SE 

ORT  DASH  VOWELS. 

»/         a  as  in  bat 

j"' 

o  as  in  on 

Y"       e  as  in  bet 
t  as  in  pit 

- 
_ 

\, 

u  as  in  up 
oo  as  in  foot 

Pirst  place 
Second  " 

Third     " 

§  9.  The  double  vowel  sounds  heard  in  the  words  ice,  owl,  boy, 
are  represented  by  small  angular  marks,  and  iew  as  in  view,  by  a 
small  curve,  written  to  the  consonant  like  a  simple  sign.  Three 
occupy  the  first,  and  one  the  third  position,  as  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing : 

TABLE  OF  DIPHTHONGS. 


OI 


at  as  in  aisle  and  i  in  tee. 
oy  as  in  boy  and  ot  in  cot/. 


OW       M/'*     oio  as  in  ooto  and  ough  in 

.    o- 
EW    /^l  ;'      too  as  in  view  and  ue  in  due. 

§  10.  In  inserting  a  vowel  that  comes  before  a  consonant  it  is 
written  to  the  left  of  the  stem  if  upright  or  inclined,  and  above  if 
horizontal.  When  a  vowel  comes  after  a  consonant  it  is  written  to 
the  right  of  the  stem  if  perpendicular  or  inclined,  and  below  if  hori- 
zontal. A  vowel  written  at  the  left  of  a  perpendicular  or  inclined 
stem,  or  above  a  horizontal,  is  read  first  ;  written  at  the  right  of- 
a  perpendicular  or  inclined  stem,  or  below  a  horizontal,  it  is  read 
after  the  stem. 


DALLAS,  TEXAS 

MANUAL  O*    bHOET-HAND.  9 

2  11.  A  dash  vowel  should  be  written  at  a  right  angle  with  the 
consonant  stem,  but  should  not  be  allowed  to  touch. 

§  12.  The  signs  for  the  diphthongs  are  never  inclined  to  cor- 
respond with  the  direction  of  the  consonant  stem  to  which  they 
are  written  ;  but  when  convenient,  inital  /  and  final  iew  may  be 
joined  to  the  consonant. 

\  13.  The  different  sounds  of  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  must 
be  learned  so  that  when  a  word  is  pronounced  there  will  be  no 
hesitation  in  determining  the  character  and  sounds  of  the  vowel 
or  vowels  contained  in  it,  and  when  facility  in  distinguishing  the 
various  sounds  is  acquired  and  the  position  readily  determined, 
the  insertion  of  vowels  may  cease  and  only  the  outline  of  the  word 
"written  in  position,"  need  be  employed.  The  object  of  memoriz- 
ing the  different  signs,  representing  the  different  vowel  signs  and 
their  three  positions,  is  simply  to  associate  the  sound  with  its 
proper  position  in  reference  to  the  line  of  writing,  so  that  the 
first  perpendicular  or  inclined,  or  only  stem  in  the  word,  may  be 
written  above,  on  or  through  the  line,  or  if  a  horizontal  stem,  above, 
on  oijtist  below  the  line.  If  the  proper  sound  of  the  accented  or 
only  vowel  in  the  word  can  be  determined,  then  the  writing  of 
the  outline  or  consonants  in  position  becomes  an  easy  task,  for  the 
first  perpendicular  or  inclined  stem  is  written  in  the  position  of 
its  accented  vowel,  whether  a  vowel,  the  sound  of  which  is  first, 
second  or  third  place.  In  actual  reporting  the  vowels  are  very 
rarely  used,  and  yet  the  notes  are  just  as  legible  as  though  fully 
vocalized.  This  being  the  case  then  it  will  not  be  necessary  to 
insert  the  vowel  signs  in  early  writing  providing,  however,  the 
outline  is  written  in  its  proper  position.  "But  how  are  we  to 
know  what  the  characters  represent  if  no  vowels  are  written," 
some  one  asks,  "the  stroke  T  means  an  initial  and  also  would 
stand  for  tea,  and  how  are  we  to  know  which  is  meant  ?"  The 
context,  or  that  which  precedes  and  follows  the  T  would  determine, 
the  same  as  in  ordinary  conversation,  when  we  hear  the  sound  of 
T  we  know  what  it  means  simply  by  what  has  been  said  before 
and  is  said  after  it.  In  certain  cases,  in  words  like  Idea,  iota, 
where  there  are  two  or  more  vowels  and  only  one  consonsant 
stem,  then  it  should  be  partly  vocalized,  the  diphthong  i  at  least 
being  inserted. 

\  14.  Each  of  the  consonant  stems  are  written  in  three  positions, 
corresponding  with  the  three  vowel  positions,  and  like  them 
called  first,  second  and  third. 


10  THE  SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

|  14a.  The  first  thing  the  student  should  do  before  beginning  to 
write  words  is  to  thoroughly  memorize  the  different  vowel 
sounds  and  their  relative  position  as  regards  the  line  of  writing 
i.  e — the  ruled  lines  across  the  page  of  the  reporting  book  or 
paper.  As  it  is  unnecessary  to  vocalize  in  actual  reporting, 
except  when  writing  proper  names,  technical,  or  words  of  infre- 
quent occurrence,  the  student  need  not  insert  any  vowels.  To 
enable  the  student  to  easily  memorize  the  different  vowel  sounds 
and  the  proper  position  of  each,  the  following  tables  have  been 
arranged,  together  with  simple,  comprehensive  and  illustrated 
rules  for  writing  the  outlines  of  words  in  position  as  they  would 
be  in  actual  reporting.  If  these  tables  and  rules  are  so  memo- 
rized that  when  a  word  is  spoken  or  read  the  position  of  its 
accented  or  only  vowel  is  readily  determined,  the  student  has 
mastered  the  hardest  part  of  his  work.  Always  bear  in  mind 
that  you  spell  by  sound  and  not  according  to  any  dictionary ;  for 
instance  the  verb  bow  and  noun  bough,  although  differing  in 
ordinary  spelling,  yet  in  Phonography  the  sounds  being  the  same, 
ow  as  in  cow,  they  would  be  written  alike,  by  the  stem  P  in  the 
first  position.  Final  W  and  Y  are  not  consonants,  therefore 
should  not  be  written  as  such ;  "  y  "  sometimes  has  the  sound  of 
i  as  in  it,  as  in  pity,  the  sound  of  i  in  ice,  as  by,  and  sometimes  in 
connection  with  a  vowel  forms  a  diphthong  with  the  sound  of  i 
or  a,  as  in  buy  and  bay;  "w"  sometimes  occurs  in  connection  with 
a  vowel  and  forms  a  diphthong,  as  in  cow,  or  following  an  o,  hav- 
ing the  same  sound  of  the  o  in  poke,  is  not  sounded  at  all,  as  in 
low,  which  is  written  by  the  stem  L  in  the  second  position.  When 
"e"  is  the  last  letter  in  a  word  it  denotes  that  the  preceding 
vowel  is  long. 

VOWEL    SOUNDS    AND    RULES   FOR   POSITION 
WRITING. 

\  15.  FIRST  POSITION  SOUNDS, 

a  as  in  calm,  aw  as  in  awl,        o  as  in  on 

t  as  in  ice,  oy  as  in  boy,         ow  as  in  cow, 
a  as  in  art. 

In  writing  words  of  one  consonant,  if  the  ac- 
•  cented  or  only  vowel  has  any  one  of  the  preceding 
sounds,  the  stem,  if  perpendicular  or  inclined,  must 

.be  so  written  that  the  lower  end  will  be  about  one- 

—  half  the  height  of  a  T  above  the  line  of  writing, 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND.'  11 

but  if  the  stem  is  horizontal  it  should  be  written  about  one-nxth  of 
inch  or  the  height  of  a  T  above  the  line.  If  there  are  two  or 
more  consonants  in  a  word  whose  accented  or  only  vowel  has  any 
one  of  the  "First  Position  Sounds"  the  FIRST  perpendicular  or  in- 
clined stem  must  be  written  above  the  line  the  same  as  if  it  were 
the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  and  the  other  consonant  or  con- 
sonants joined  to  it  without  lifting  the  pencil  from  the  paper;  but 
if  the  consonant  stems  are  all  horizontal,  write  them  about  one- 
sixth  of  an  inch  above  the  line. 

Write  in  accordance  with  preceding  rule,  omitting  the  vowels 
and  all  consonants  not  sounded : 

Pa  ma  annoy      cow          thaw        maw        back 

pie  by  pack         buy          palm        odd  chap 

at  add  dye  lie  law  chop         shop 

\  16.     SECOND  POSITION  SOUNDS. 

a  as  in  make,        o  as  in  poke,        u  as  in  up, 
e  as  in  peck,         a  as  in  air,  a  as  in  pare. 

\\  In  writing  words  of  one  consonant,  if  the  accented 

•' ^ or  only  vowel  has  any  one  of  the  preceding  sounds, 

\       s-  the  stem,  if  perpendicular  or  inclined,  must  be  so 

.A./..x-^>, — *-.  Britten  that  the  lower  end  of  down-strokes  and  the 
f  beginning  of  up-strokes  will  rest  upon  the  line.    If 

there  are  two  or  more  consonants  in  a  word  whose  accented  or  only 
vowel  has  any  one  of  the  "Second  Position  Sounds"  the  FIRST  perpen- 
dicular or  inclined  stem  must  be  so  written  that  it  will  rest  upon 
the  line  the  same  as  if  it  were  the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  and 
the  other  consonant  or  consonants  joined  to  it,  without  lifting 
the  pencil  from  the  paper;  but  if  the  consonant  stems  are  all 
horizontal  write  them  upon  the  line. 

Write  in  accordance  with  preceding  rule,  omitting  the  vowels 
and  all  consonants  not  sounded : 

Pay          oat  owed        know       fair  peck         share 

may         ate  low          beau        bake         led  poke 

lay  air  mow        show        both         edge         muck 

THIRD  POSITION  SOUNDS. 

ea  as  in  eat,        i  as  in  it,         oo  as  in  took, 
oo  as  in  boom,    iew  as  in  view,  ee  as  in  eel. 


12  THE  SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S 

V In  writing  words  of  one  consonant,  if  theaccented 

\— .  or  only  vowel  has  any  one  of  the  preceding  sounds, 

>.../7. the  stem,  if perpendicular  or  inclined,  must  be  so  writ- 
x    "" '  ten  that  it  will  be  divided  by  the  line  of  writing  into 
two  equal  parts,  but  if  the  stem  is  horizontal  write 
it  just  below  the  line.    If  there  are  two  or  more  consonants  in  a 
word  whose  accented  or  only  vowel  has  any  one  of  the  "  Third 
Position  Sounds  "  the  FIRST  perpendicular  or  inclined  stem  must  be 
written  through  the  line  the  same  as  if  it  were  the  only  consonant 
in  the  word,  and  the  other  consonant  or  consonants  joined  to  it 
without  lifting  the  pencil  from  the  paper ;  but  if  the  consonant 
stems  are  all  horizontal  write  them  just  below  the  line. 

"Write  in  accordance  with  preceding  rule,  omitting  the  vowels 
and  all  consonants  not  sounded  : 

Pea          me  cue          pity         poor        pig          pitch 

eel  itch          new         meal        coop         doom       loop 

few          ill  pick         boom       cure         chip         lure 

§  IS.  The  outline  or  skeleton  of  a  word  is  always  written  with- 
out lifting  the  pencil  from  the  paper.  But  when  initial  diphthong 
/is  joined  it  must  be  written  first ;  thus,  *~**^y mentally,  *J  Ida. 

•53 

\  19.  A  straight  consonant  is  repeated  by  doubling  its  length  ; 
thus,  __  kay-kay,  _____  gay-gay. 

\  20.  Curved  stems  are  repeated  by  making  the  signs  twice ; 
thus,  ^\  ef-ef,  >  dhe-dhe. 

\  21.  There  should  always  be  an  angle  between  ef  and  en,  ve 
and  en,  ve  and  ing,  le  and  em,  emp-b  and  ess. 

\  22.  There  should  be  no  angle  between  pe-en,  ith-en,  ef-kay, 
de-ef,  le-ess,  le-er,  le-ish,  le-she,  em-ess. 

\  23.  Light  and  heavy  stems  that  do  not  form  an  angle  at  their 
junction  when  joined  should  be  so  blended  that  the  precise  point 

of  juncture  is  not  discernible;  thus,^w     i-p,\__5-n,  ^^^  p-ng. 

\  24.  As  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  tables,  the  first-place 
vowel  and  diphthong  sounds  are  a  as  in  calm,  a  as  in  ball,  a  as  in  bat, 
o  as  in  on,  i  as  in  ice,  oy  as  in  boy,  and  ow  as  in  cow.  The  second- 
place  sounds  are  a  as  in.  fade,  o  as  in  lod»,  e  as  in  bet,  and  u  as  in  up. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT -HAND.  13 

The  third-place  sounds  are  ea  as  in  peal,  i  as  in  pit,  oo  in  foot,  oo  in 
food,  and  eio  in  view.  When  these  different  sounds  are  so  clearly 
impressed  in  the  mind  that  when  a  word  is  spoken  the  position  or 
place  of  its  accented  vowel  is  readily  determined,  then  the  student 
has  but  little  further  use  for  the  vowels ;  they  need  not  be  inserted 
the  first  perpendicular  or  inclined  stem  of  the  word  being  written 
in  the  position  of  its  accented  vowel,  makes  it  intelligible.  Let  us 
take  a  few  words  for  illustration ;  thus,  in  the  word  balm  the  con- 
sonant sounds  are  B  and  M,  and  the  vowel  long  a  as  in  calm,  which 
occupies  a  first  place,  therefore  we  should  write  it,  \~.  balm  ,• 
cap  has  a  first-place  vowel  and  the  consonants  should  be  written 
above  the  line,  thus,  \cap,fowl,  consonants  F  and  L,  diphthong 
ow  r.  first-place  sound,  and  therefore  should  be  written,  \  fowl; 
thade,  consonants  SH  and  D,  vowel  long  o,  second-place,  so  we 
write  it,  /  shade,-  rub,  having  a  second-place  sound,  we  write, 
/\.  rub ;  poke,  second-place  vowel,  X^  poke ;  poem,  accented 
vowel,  second-place,  write  it,  \__^  poem;  words  like  iota  and 
idea  should  be  vocalized ;  thus,  £J"  *°^a>  V  "kfl-  In  several  of  the 
preceding  illustrations,  and  in  some  which  will  be  hereafter 
presented,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  words  are  vocalized.  This 
is  done  merely  to  show  those  who  may  wish  to  write  according  to 
the  old  method  of  first  teaching  the  "Corresponding  Style,"  or  who 
may  experience  difficulty  in  associating  the  sounds  and  position, 
the  method  in  vogue  for  the  insertion  of  the  vowels.  This,  how- 
ever, cannot  be  recommended,  as  it  has  been  found  by  actual 
practice  that  students  make  more  rapid  and  easy  progress  by 
simply  memorizing  the  different  vowel  sounds  and  their  corres- 
ponding positions  in  reference  to  the  line  of  writing,  omitting  the 
vowels  and  writing  the  consonants  of  the  word  in  the  manner 
already  explained. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  SH,  L,  AND  R. 

\  25.  When  SH  is  the  first  consonant  stem  in  a  word  that 
begins  with  a  vowel,  when  it  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  or 
when  it  is  the  final  element  of  a  word  write  the  down  stroke,- 

**    show,  ^  Ashby,     j  push. 


14  THE  SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

\  26.  When  SH  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  that  ends  with 
a  vowel  sound  write  it  upward ;  but  in  the  middle  and  at  the 
beginning  of  words  the  upward  or  downward  stroke  may  be 

employed ;  thus,  \^/  bushy,  '^  sure,    ^   shabby. 

\  \ 

g  27.  When  L  is  the  first  consonant  sound  in  a  word  that  begins 
with  a  vowel  and  is  next  followed  by  a  horizontal  stem,  or  when 
it  is  the  final  element  of  a  word  the  down  stroke  should  be  used ; 

thus,  £-^  alum,  X  boil. 


\  28.  When  L  is  the  only  consonant  stem  in  a  word,  when  it 
begins  a  word,  when  it  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  that  ends 
with  a  vowel  sound,  or  when  it  is  the  first  consonant  in  the  word 
and  is  followed  by  a  down  stroke  stem  the  L  should  be  written 
upward;  thus,  /^  ail,  \^  fellow,  /^\  lope. 

$  29.  In  the  middle  of  words  L  may  be  written  either  upward 
or  downward,  but  the  upstroke  generally  gives  the  best  outline. 

\  30.  After  N  it  is  generally  best  to  write  the  L  downward  and 
after  M  upward  whether  followed  by  a  vowel  or  not,  as  better 
outlines  are  given  ;  thus,  ^  inlay. 

\  31.  When  R  begins  a  word,  when  it  is  the  last  consonant  in  a 
word  that  ends  with  a  vowel  sound,  and  always  before  ith,  dhe, 


chay  and  jay  the  stem  Ree  should  be  used ;  thus,  v—'     to-morrow, 

—r^vrreath,  ^t  wreathe*  ^/  rich,     /f  rage,  \^/    ferry. 

2  32.  When  R  is  the  first  or  only  consonant  in  a  word  that  be- 
gins with  a  vowel,  when  it  is  the  final  element  of  the  word,  and 
always  before  M  use  the  downstroke  R ;  thus,  "^  air,  N^  cur, 


\  33.    In  the  middle  of  words  either  the  upward  or  downward  R 
may  be  used,  but  the  upstroke  is  generally  the  best.    When  R 

follows  R  or  stroke  H  the  upward  R  should  be  used  ;  thus,  , 


SIGNS  FOR  H. 

\  34.    The  stroke  H  is  used  in  the  following  cases  : 

I.  When  H  is  the  only  consonant  or  the  only  one  that  can  be 
conveniently  represented  by  a  stroke. 

II.  For  initial  H  preceding  a  consonant  followed  by  a  vowel. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


15 


|  35.  In  reporting  the  H  is  omitted  from  such  words  as  hope,, 
happy,  had,  have,  half  ;  thus,  \  heap,  \  hope. 

\  3G.  Before  M,  L,  R,  stroke  S  or  a  hook,  H  is  expressed  by  a 
small  heavy  perpendicular  tick  ;  thus,  ^^  home,  y  whole. 

SIGNS  FOR  W  AXD  Y. 

\  37.  The  stroke  stems  for  W  and  Y  are  used  when  W  or  Y  is 
the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  or  when  it  is  the  first  consonant 
in  a  word  that  begins  with  a  vowel  ;  thus,  "\  way,  ~\  awake. 

\  38.  A  small  semi-circle  is  employed  as  an  additional  sign  for 
these  letters.  For  W  it  opens  to  the  right  or  left,  and  for  Y  either 
upward  or  downward  ;  they  are  generally  employed  when  W  or 
Y  is  the  initial  sound  in  the  word,  or  when  immediately  followed 
by  D  ;  *\  web,  jj  wash,  1  wood. 

g  39.  W  may  be  prefixed  to  Lee  and  Ree  by  a  large  initial  hook; 
and  to  M  and  N  by  a  small  initial  hook  ;  thus,  £  whale,  ^/  weary, 
5^-rr.  toon.  The  phrases  we  will,  we  are,  we  may  and  we  know  may  be 
expressed  by  wL,  wR,  wM,  and  wN,  respectively.  These  words 
occur  very  frequently  in  connection  with  other  words  in  phrases, 
and  this  method  of  denoting  them  adds  greatly  to  the  speed  and 
beauty  of  the  writing.  We-will-bc,  written  wL2-B  ;  we2-may-go, 
wM2-G  ;  we-know-you-are,  wR-diphthong  u-Ree;  we-are-now,  wR-N. 

READING  EXERCISE  No.  1. 


KEY. 


Line  1.— Pea,  be,  tea,  jay,  gay,  ray,  ell,  err,  way,  yea,  Em,  see, 
you,  I,  p-k,  d-p,  t-m,  ch-p. 


16  THE   SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S 

Line  2.— F-n,  v-n,  v-ing,  1-m,  mp-z,  p-n,  f-g,  d-f,  1-s,  1-r. 

Line  3.— L-sh,  l-sh,  m-s,  d-t,  p-b,  decay,  Katy,  pity,  empty,  gale, 

envy,  pekay,  cage. 
X,ine  4.— Shape,  fish,  fishy,  alike,  fell,  fellow,  leap,  bulk,  mail,  fear, 

erry,  rage,  urge,  rope. 
Line  5. — Hero,  Hay,  hazy,  hear,  held,  hang,  happy,  hope,  have, 

half,  had,  awake,  week,  one. 
Line  6.— We  may  go  home  to-morrow.    We  will  be  willing  if  you 

are.    We  are  going. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  1. 

WRITE  IN  FIRST  POSITION  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  15. 

Odd  pa  paw 

at  am  add 

mow  chaw 

law  aim 

ash  pie 

now  cow 

WRITE  IN  SECOND  POSITION  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  16. 

Pay  bay  beau  Abe  dough  toe  mow 

foe  Joe  low  fay  they  though  show 

ode  aid  owed  gay  lay  up  Ed 

egg  etch  Em  know  air  err  oar 

WRITE  IN  THIRD  POSITION  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  17. 

Pea  be  tea  eat  key  fee  eve 

see  ooze  she  me  lee  itch  eel 

knee  woo  ye  he  it  chew  few 

view  new  use  mew  she 

WRITE  IN  PROPER  POSITION  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  $  15-17. 

Paw  day  lieu  ail  gay  awed  dough 

eke  foe  thee  thaw  ape  ate 

nay  eaze  if  own  in  on  sav 

so  ace  way  lie  Jew  nigh  ache 

out  by  day  each  joy  if  age 

few  thy  saw  so  say  us  ease 

may  no  know  allow  see  easy  ill 

\  40.     SIMPLE   CONSONANT  WORD  SIGNS. 

In  the  following  table  of  word  signs  the  word  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  brace  is  written  in  the  first  position,  the  one  in  the  middle 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


17 


in  the  second  position,  and  the  lower  one  in  the  third  position. 
The  words  in  italic  are  not  grammalogues  or  word  signs,  but 
simply  words  written  in  the  "Reporting  Style." 


\ 


V 


{  happy 
plaintiff 
pea 

(  shall,  shalt 
^/              -1  show 
(shoe 

(at 

\  what 
(it 

(  usual-ly 

(had 

\  defendant,  do 
(did 

(time 
member 

(charge 
change,  which 
each 

me 

(on 
no 

(large 

any 

advantage 

Jew 

(long 

(can 
come 

•^           x  young 
(thing 

could 

(go 

(  important-ance 
•1  may  be 

J 

(give-n 

(  improve-d-ment 

(form 
foe 
•f 

(our,  are 
ray 
rue 

V 

(was 
(  whose 

(why 
^\                 J  yy&y 

(woo 

(thank 
«  youth 
(  think 

(beyond 

(yea 

\  41.     VOWEL  WORD  SIGXS. 

.  a    *  an      and     9  the  x  all     '  oh,  owe,  *  who  V  but 

\  to     /  should   x%  how  «    you     c  with      ->  we    N  of 
<  would. 
Should  and  and  are  always  written  upward. 


18  THE  SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

TICKS  AND  JOINING  OF  WORDS. 

§  42.  The,  the  most  frequent  occurring  word  in  the  English 
language,  may  be  expressed  by  a  short  tick  preferably  in  the 
direction  of  CH,  but  sometimes  in  the  direction  of  Ree,  joined  to 
the  preceding  word.  The  tick  the  never  begins  a  word;  thus, 
"• — •*  on  the,  >  to  the,  9  aa  the. 

§43.  A  or  an  is  joined  to  the  preceding  word  by  a  small  per- 
pendicular or  horizontal  tick;  o/andfl,  and  to  and  a,  should  not 
be  joined  but  must  be  written  separately;  thus,  — ,  can  a, 

rrnr?  °n  a> 

g  44.  He  may  be  written  initially  or  finally  by  a  heavy  tick; 
thus,  \^  if  he,  2  can  he,  \  he  was. 

\  45.  7  is  generally  represented  by  the  diphthong  I,  but  may  be 
abbreviated  by  writing  only  the  first  stroke,  when  it  will  join 
easily  to  the  consonant ;  thus,  j  I  had,  v —  I  may. 

\  40.  The  principle  of  joining  ticks  may  also  be  applied  to  all 
word  signs  that  join  well.  The  first  word  must  always  be  written 
in  position,  and  no  and  go  should  be  vocalized  to  distinguish  them 
from  any  and  come  ;  thus,  ~~\  can  be,  ~ — ^  you  may  go. 

$  47.  The  connective  phrase  of  the  is  intimated  by  writing  the 
words  between  which  it  occurs  near  to  each  other;  thus, 
^^•^  importance  of  the  improvement. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  2. 

If  the  student  desires  to  "vocalize" — i.  e.  place  the  vowels  to 
the  consonant  stems— he  may  do  so  in  accordance  with  gg  7-10» 
and  the  following  rules  :  1,  First-place  vowels  are  written  at  the 
beginning  of  consonant  strokes ;  second-place  in  the  middle,  and 
third  place  at  the  end,  so  in  up-strokes  the  first-place  would  be  at 
the  beginning  (apparently  at  the  bottom)  of  the  stroke  and  third- 
place  at  the  end  (or  apparently  at  the  top)  of  the  stroke.  2.  All 
first-place  and  long  second-place  vowels  are  written  to  the  stem 
which  precedes  them  ;  short  second  place  and  all  third-place  vowels 
are  written  to  the  stem  which  follows  them. 

We  would  suggest  to  the  instructor  or  student  that  when  the 
words  in  the  various  exercises  are  written  for  the  first  time  the 
outlines  should  not  be  vocalized,  but  put  in  proper  position 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND. 


19 


according  to  §  14.    In  reviewing,  the  outlines  may  be  vocalized,  if 
desired,  but  it  is  not  necessary. 

It  is  entirely  unnecessary  to  vocalize  the  outlines,  as  in  actual 
reporting  the  vowels  are  never  inserted  except  occasionally  in 
proper  names  and  words  of  infrequent  use. 


WRITE  IX  FIRST  POSITION  IX  ACCORD AXCE  WITH  \  15. 


Pack 

patch 

dime 

jam 

occupy 


palm  pang  pattie  pop  back  tack 

path  bag  body  chop  type  job 

dodge  dani  damp  dock  daub  sham 

cap  camp  cabbage  Chicago  catch  couch 


WRITE   IX  SECOXD  POSITIOX  IX  ACCORDAXCE  WITH  \  16. 


Pope  penny 

bake  bevy* 

foam  came 

game  dome 


poach 
death 
jump 


poke 
take 
bump 


poem 
make 
fame 


money 
marry 
tame 


puffy 
funny 
toney 


WRITE  IX  THIRD  POSITIOX  IX  ACCORDAXCE  WITH  \  17. 


peep 

duty 

pity 

doom 

cheap 

dizzy 

keep 

coop 

nip* 

Pig 

jib 

tip 

nick 

kick 

ink 

kink 

mink 

chick 

cube 

boom 

neap 

zinc 

WRITE 

IX  PROPER  POSITIOX,   OBSERVTXG  THE  RULES,  |g  25-33. 

she 

shop 

push 

bushy 

shadow 

shame 

issue 

bishop 

mash 

clash 

alike* 

along 

illume 

coil 

alcohol 

fall 

ball 

fuel 

nail 

bill 

ail 

lay 

lap 

like 

lung 

fellow 

folly 

pillow 

mellow 

bulk 

utility 

outlive 

inlav 

kneel 

mile 

annually 

annual 

newly 

mail 

meal 

mule 

ray 

rope 

rotary 

ridge 

reach 

retailer 

air 

ore 

arm 

arrive 

fear 

ferry 

Arab 

rear 

pork 

career 

parody 

WRITE  IX 

ACCORDANCE 

WITH  §  34. 

Hang 

hang 

hap 

harp 

Harry 

harsh 

hash 

Harvev 

Harriet 

hatch 

hate 

haughty 

havoc 

hay 

knife  * 

he 

heavy 

heretic 

hero 

herring 

hewed 

hewer 

hop 

honey 

hindoo 

horrify 

horrid 

hoop 

hub 

hung 

WRITE  IX 

ACCORDANCE 

WITH  2  35. 

Had 

half 

have 

hope 

happy 

harm 

hath 

WRITE  IX 

ACCORDANCE 

WITH  \  36. 

Hail 

hair 

hall 

whole 

ham 

him 

hear 

her 

hawk 

hog 

hack 

home 

here 

heel 

hem 

hemp 

hominy     homily 

howl 

hulk 

hull 

humbug 

hump 

humming 

20  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

WRITE  IK  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \\  37-39. 


Way 

weigh 

why 

woo 

yale 

ye 

awake 

away 

awoke 

by-way 

wake 

week 

wish 

watch 

wage 

wager 

wait 

wag 

waive 

walk 

wife 

widow 

width 

wide 

yoke 

yacht 

wail 

wan 

one 

win 

window 

warm 

winch 

war 

wall 

well 

will 

wool 

willing 

whale 

work 

were 

where 

warp 

wary 

whereon 

wire 

SENTENCES. 

[The  words  in  italics  in  the  sentences  of  all  the  writing  exer- 
cises should  be  joined;  but  if  there  is  an  x  between  two  words 
they  must  not  be  connected.  The  connective  phrase,  of  the, 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence,  is  never  written,  but  is 
expressed  by  writing  the  words  between  which  it  occurs  near  to 
each  other.  Indicate  the,  a,  and  an,  wherever  possible,  by  the  tick 
sign.] 

What  can  you  give  me  if  I  will  come? 

I  shall  give  you  an  important  charge. 

1  am  weary  of  doing  nothing  and  shall  go  home  to-morrow. 

You  may  be  willing  to  become  a  member. 

How  long  shall  you  be  among  them? 

I  will  be  among  them  axlong  time. 

Charge  me  with  what  you  have  given  them. 

You  should  do  nothing  at  any  time  you  fear  would  be  wrong. 

We  will  ship  you  to-day  in  shape,  the  sheep  we  wish  you  x  to  take. 


S  AND  Z  CIRCLE. 

\  48.  The  S  and  Z  sounds  are  of  such  frequent  occurrence  that 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  give  them  additional  and  briefer 
signs  (small  circles),  and  ones  which  are  more  convenient  for 
joining.  The  "ess-circle,"  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
stroke  S,  ),  is  employed  much  more  frequently  than  the  latter. 
Except  as  word  sign,  it  is  used  only  in  connection  with  stroke 
consonants.  Aside  from  its  brevity  it  furnishes  a  graceful  and 
fluent  method  of  joining  both  straight  and  curved  stems,  preserv- 
ing lineality  of  writing  and  apparently  infusing  life  and  expression 
into  the  notes. 

§  49.    The  circle  is  joined : 

I.  To  single  straight  stems  by  a  motion  from  the  right  over  to 
the  left. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND.  21 

II.  To  Bimple  curved  stems  by  writing  it  inside  the  curve. 

\  50.    TABLE  OF  THE  CIRCLE  S. 

^ofiPs      ^osBs        EsTs         bsDs        <^°sCHs      ^sJs 

c_DsKs     o_p8Gs      ^osFs        CosVs        £  sTHs      CsDH 

3sSs        3sZs       o^sSHs     <v?sZHs     £  sLs       ^  aRs 

<n>sMs    <^sNg     <U>sNGs    ^  sWs      £°  sYs      <j-b  sMPs 

/    Hs      cS&Ra      <£%wL8    O^sw-Ra   <S~N  swMs 


By  referring  to  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  there  are  two  ways 
of  indicating  sr,  one  by  the  circle  on  the  downstroke  R  and  the 
other  by  the  circle  on  Ree.  The  first  should  be  employed  when 
r  is  preceded  by  a  vowel  sound,  as  in  soar,  and  the  latter  when  the 
r  is  followed  by  a  vowel  sound,  as  in  sorrow. 

\  51.  When  the  ess-circle  occurs  between  two  strokes,  if  there 
be  no  angle  at  their  junction,  it  is  written  to  the  first  stem  as  if  it 
stood  alone  ;  but  if  there  be  an  angle,  it  is  written  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  angle  ;  thus,  —  •  —  ksk,  \e_^  fsm. 

\  52.  The  circle  may  be  used  at  the  beginning,  in  the  middle 
and  at  the  end  of  words  ;  thus,  \  sap,  ^—^  unsafe,  \,  peas. 

\  53.  A  circle  is  read  first,  therefore  if  a  vowel  is  the  first  sound 
of  a  word  use  the  stroke  S,  or  if  a  words  ends  with  a  vowel  sound 
use  the  stroke. 

§  54.  In  upstrokes  initial  ess  is  at  the  bottom  and  the  final 
circle  at  the  top  ;  thus,  f  tail,  /*  lace. 

\  55.  L  with  an  initial  circle  when  standing  alone  is  always 
written  upward,  and  8H  downward.  When  a  occurs  between  L 
and  N,  or  L  and  V,  the  L  is  always  written  downward. 

§  56.  When  a  word  contains  no  other  consonant  the  stroke  S  or 
Z  is  used  ;  thus,  )  ace,  •••}•  case. 

\  57.  When  S  or  Z  is  the  last  consonant  sound  in  a  word  that 
ends  with  a  vowel  the  stem  sign  should  be  used  ;  thus,  X)  racy> 

X)  rosy- 

\  58.  When  S  or  Z  is  immediately  followed  or  immediately 
preceded  by  two  concurrent  vowels  the  stem  sign  should  be  used  ; 
thus,  J^j,  essence,  VT  science. 


22  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

£  .v.i.  When  two  ess  sounds  are  the  only  consonants  in  a  word 
.me  should  be  written  with  the  circle  and  the  other  with  a  stem 
sign.  An  initial  circle  should  be  used  in  words  that  end  with  a 
vowel  sound,  and  a  final  circle  in  those  words  that  end  with  the 
sound  of  ess  ;  thus,  •$••  cease,  °\  sissy. 

3  60.  When  S  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word  that  begins  with 
a  vowel  the  stem  sign  should  be  used ;  thus,  \ (  assume. 

$  61.  When  Z  is  the  first  consonant  sound  in  a  word,  whether 
there  be  an  initial  vowel  or  not,  the  stem  sign  should  be  used ; 
thus,  ^-  zero. 

§  62.  When  the  sounds  of  s  and  z  occur  in  connection  with  some 
other  consonant,  in  such  syllables  as  ses,  sis,  cis,  sus,  sys,  rise,  zes, 
they  may  be  represented  by  a  large  circle  twice  the  size  for  s. 
,  \  63.  The  large  circle  is  joined  to  consonant  stems  the  same  as 
the  small  one,  and  may  be  used  at  the  beginning,  in  the  middle 
and  at  the  end  of  words ;  thus,  ^system,  ^~f  necessity,  \>  bases. 

g  64.  Although  seldom  necessary,  the  vowel  or  diphthong  occur- 
ring between  the  two  consonants  represented  by  the  large  circle 
may  be  expressed  by  writing  it  inside  the  hook ;  thus,  -f  exhaust. 

ST  AND  STR  LOOPS. 

1  65.    When  T  immediately  follows  S,  or  D  follows  Z,  the  sounds 
are  represented  by  a  small  loop  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
stem.    When  the  sounds  of  z  and  d  are  preceded  by  only  one  con- 
sonant then  the  circle  s  and  stroke  d  must  be  used ;  if,  however, 
these  sounds  are  preceded  by  two  or  more  consonants  then  the 
*<-loop  may  be  used. 

|  66.  The  sound  of  sir  with  any  intervening  vowel  is  represent- 
ed hy  a  large  loop  extending  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
stem. 

§  67.  The  st-loop  may  be  used  at  the  beginning,  in  the  middle 
and  at  the  end,  and  the  str-loop  in  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of 
words;  thu8,\«<ep,  | — -  destiny, \J>est,\^dvster,^^  master,  ^yesterday. 

g  68.  S  may  be  added  to  the  large  circle  and  to  the  st  and  sir 
loops  by  turning  a  small  circle  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  steir  • 
thus,  N^  possesses,  ^  boasts,  Xj>  boasters. 

2  69.    As,  has,  is  or  his  may   be  added  initially  and  finally  to 

words,   and  us  finally,  by  the  ess-circle,  or  by  making  a 


MANUAL,  OF  SHORT- HAND. 


circle  beginning  or  ending  a  word  into  a  large  circle;   thus, 
«._ f>  as  long  as,    f  has  had,   Vl!^  is  in,   ^~*  as  soon  as. 

\  70.  As  is,  as  his,  as  has,  has  his,  his  is,  is  as  may  be  joined 
initially  and  finally  to  other  words  by  the  large  circle;  thus, 
*V^  as  has  no. 

g  71.  Is  it  is  prefixed  to  words  or  word  signs  by  writing  a  small 
•detached  loop  and  joining  it  to  the  following  consonant ;  thus, 
** — *  is  it  now. 

\  72.  There,  their  or  they  are  is  added  to  the  ess-circle  word  signs 
by  making  the  circle  into  a  large  loop  and  joining  it  to  the 
following  stem ;  thus,  c  \  as  there  can  be,  *-^  as  there  is  now. 

|  73.  The  circle  ess  may  be  added  to  any  consonant  sign  to 
represent  the  plural  or  the  possessive  case  of  nouns,  or  the  third 
person  singular  of  verbs ;  thus,  •£••  its,  — °  comes,  {,  does. 

\  74.  Between  S  and  another  consonant  T  may  be  omitted ;  thus, 
must  be,  jp  postage,  \f~~  postmaster. 


\  75.      CIRCLE  WORD   SIGNS. 


fas,  has 
self 
is,  his 

f  as  i  ,  has  is,  as  has,  has  as 
O      -j  selves 

(is  as,  his  is,  is  his 

(sap 
special-ly 
soup 

(because 
case 
keys 

(sag 
{  signify 

(fast 

\        first 
(feast 


(several 
sieve 

(  similarity 
•<  same 
{  similar 

(nice 
owns 
insurance 


( impossible 
( improvements 
(song 
( singular 


24 


THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 
READING  EXERCISE  No.  2. 


KEY. 

Line  1.  —  May  the  money  be  given  them  now?    It  may  be  if  you 

wish.    If  he  can. 
Line  2.  —  He  was  going  away  to-morrow,  but  will  now  wait  and 

go  with  me. 
Line  3.  —  We  are  going  to  improve  in  our  work  each  day.    Can  he 

take  charge  of  the  defendant? 
Line  4.  —  Upset,  passage,  f-s-m,  gasp,  visage,  physic,  case,  lesson, 

illusive,  task,  desk,  oats. 
Line  5.  —  Chasm,  pass,  passes,  cases,  subsist,   chooses,  success, 

possess,  disease,  decease,  season,  Sussex,  horse. 
Line  6.  —  Past,  stop,  state,  toast,  teas,  teased,  pastor,  must,  muster, 

post,  teamster,  minister,  poster,  strong. 
Line  7.  —  Strength,  strange,  impost,   impose,    imposter,  boaster,. 

boasters,  post,  posters,  distinguish,  destiny. 
Line  8.  —  Store,  story,  surface,  serious,  ceremony,  as  well  as,  aa 

fast  as,  as  it  can.  postmaster,  ask,  special,  as  there  is  no. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  3. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  $  49-50. 


Stay 
sack 
sun 


stow  sit 

sank  safe 

some  pass 


city  said  suit 

safely         fees  seen 

face  soap  peace 


MANUAL  OF   SHOBT-HAJfD. 


26 


office 

sang 

soar 

sorry 

series 

sale 

sales 

saves 

seems 

source 

oppose 

service 

ceremony 

base 

pays 

piece 

seed 

abuse 

buys 

sat 

ties 

toss 

ages 

side 

sad 

such 

choose 

joys 

those 

cause 

accuse 

case 

saith 

south 

allows 

this 

thus 

laws 

loss 

less 

amuse 

lose 

soul 

seal 

arise 

amaze 

news 

knows 

sing 

song 

owns 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE   WITH  \  51. 

Cask 

mask 

task 

desk 

physic 

phasma 

noisily 

upset 

opposite 

officer 

sincere 

sincerely 

music 

dusty 

party 

misty 

chisel 

hasty 

haystack 

lesser 

misery 

miser 

mislay 

resign 

WRITE 

IN  ACCORDANCE   WITH  \ 

!|55-61. 

Sail 

shows 

illusive 

allusive 

elusive 

lesson 

license 

listen 

loosen 

looseness 

ask 

asp 

assay 

aspire 

escape 

assail 

fussy 

mossy 

busy 

lazy 

easy 

dizzy 

noisy 

assassin 

science 

assignees 

zion 

zany 

zero 

easily 

user 

sauce 

seize 

says 

size 

seize 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  63. 

Passes 

bosses 

possess 

success 

causes 

masses 

faces 

vases 

chooses 

basis 

laces 

insist 

necessary 

possessed 

Sussex 

submissive 

WRITE 

IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH 

\\  65-68. 

Stop 

stake 

stoop 

stool 

steam 

stamp 

stair 

stock 

store 

story 

stencil 

past 

based 

taste 

cost 

most 

lost 

fast 

missed 

chaste 

must 

waste 

haste 

based 

rest 

arrest 

post 

passed 

tossed 

test 

state 

stout 

steed 

stood 

stead 

just 

coast 

cast 

style 

steal 

still 

stole 

stale 

justify 

mystify 

poster 

master 

castor 

faster  • 

teamster 

waster 

baluster 

chests 

roaste-s 

attests 

possesses 

successes 

teamsters 

costs 

disturb 

SENTENCES. 

[When  we,  with  another  word  is  enclosed  in  [  ],  it  denotes  that 
the  we  is  to  be  expressed  by  the  to-hook.] 

It  ia  impossible  to  see  the  defendant  as  his  ease  comes  up  to-day. 

[We  wilt]  ship  you  to-day  the  things  sold  you  yesterday,  and  mail 
you  invoice  and  bill,  which  pay  as  soon  as  you  can. 

It  is  best  to  think  well  ere  we  speak. 

It  cost  much  money  but  it  caused  success  to  visit  our  store,  and 
stay  with  us. 


^  THE    SELF-IXSTRUCTOU'S 

It  is  singular  but  he  was  the  first  to  come. 

As  a  usual  thing  we  have  to  pay  cash,  but  when  they  sold  us  the 
last  load  they  said  you  may  take  03  long  as  you  wish  to  pay  the 
bill;  we  would  thank  all  firms  for  similar  services. 

As  there  is  no  hope  of  your  selling  anything,  I  think  X  it  is  folly  to  stay 
among  them. 

Have  you  any  bill  which  James  &  Smith  refused  to  pay?  If  so, 
[we  will]  take  it  and  sue  them  if  you  desire. 

When  you  are  in  the  city  come  and  see  us,  and  [we  will]  show  you  a 
nice  stock. 

As  we  are  selling  our  stock  so  cheap — almost  giving  it  away — 
we  think  it  would  be  to  your  advantage  to  purchase  now. 

No  one  is  always  right,  sometimes  we  all  err. 

Always  do  what  you  x  think  is  right,  if  by  so  doing  you  will  injure 


L  AND  R  HOOKS. 

\  76.  The  simple  articulations,  p,  b,  t,  d,  etc.,  are  so  closely 
united  with  I  and  r  that  they  form  a  kind  of  consonant  diphthong, 
pronounced  by  a  single  effort  of  the  organs  of  speech.  Take  for 
instance  the  words  play,  plow,  flow,  and  notice  how  the  I  imper- 
ceptibly glides  into  the^>  and  seemingly  with  but  one  effort  of  the 
vocal  organs;  and  in  the  words  pray,  prow,  fray,  gray,  bray,  the 
same  may  be  said  of  the  pr,  fr,  gr,  br.  In  writing,  the  natural  way 
of  expressing  these  combinations  would  undoubtedly  be  by  some 
marked  and  uniform  modification  of  the  simple  letters,  and  so  in 
Short-hand  they  are  expressed  by  simple,  yet  distinct  and  uniform 
modifications  of  the  consonants :  a  small  initial  hook  on  the  circle 
side  of  straight  steins  for  I  and  on  the  opposite  side  for  r.  The  I 
and  r-hook  combinations  are  used  when  the  I  and  r  blend  with  the 
preceding  consonant,  and  when  no,  or  but  a  slightly  perceptible 
vowel  sound  occurs  between  them.  They  must  not  be  understood 
to  represent  the  sounds  per,  ber,  ker,  ger,  pel,  belt  kd,  etc.,  but 
rather  the  sounds  pri  (short  i),  bri,  kri,  pli,  bit,  kli,  etc.,  the  former 
being  written  with  stroke  signs.  In  words  like  play,  free,  apple, 
upper,  the  hook  combinations  may  be  used,  but  in  such  words  as 
pail,  fear,  pile,  poor,  the  stroke  signs  should  be  employed. 

g  77.  A  small  hook  on  the  circle  side  and  at  the  beginning  of 
any  stem  except  S,  Z,  R,  L,  M,  N,  ISTG,  MP-B,  W  and  H.  and  a 
large  initial  hook  on  N,  M,  NG  and  MP-B  indicates  that  L  follows. 


MANUAL.  OF  SHORT-HAND.  27 

\  78.  SHI  and  ZH1  have  their  hooks  at  the  bottom,  are  always 
written  upward  and  never  stand  alone. 

\  79.  A  small  hook  at  the  beginning  and  on  the  side  opposite 
the  el-hook  on  straight  stems,  except  Ree  and  H,  adds  R.  The 
addition  of  an  R  on  curved  stems  (except  S,  Z,  L,  R,  M,  N,  XG,  W 
and  Y)  is  indicated  by  turning  over  sideways  the  corresponding 
L-hook  signs,  except  SHI  and  ZH1.  which  are  turned  over  endways. 

\  80.  SHr  and  ZHr  have  their  hooks  at  the  top  and  are  always 
written  downward. 

g  81.  R  may  be  added  to  M  and  X  by  a  small  initial  hook, 
provided  the  M  and  X  are  first  thickened,  as  NG  and  MP  never 
take  an  initial  R-hook.  R  may  be  added  to  L  by  a  small  initial 
hook. 

\  82.      TABLE  OF  THE  L  HOOK   SIGNS. 

^  PI  ^  Bl  P  Tl        P  Dl       /'CHI      /'Jl 

c_  Kl          *_  Gl          ^>  Fl        ^Vl        C  TH1      C  Dffl 

CN  MPl        £/R\ 

\  83.     TABLE  OF  THE  R  HOOK  SIGNS. 

\Pr         ^Br          1  Tr        1  Dr       /CHr      /  Jr 
c-  Kr       e-  Gr        ^  Fr       °\  Vr         5  THr       !)  DHr 

\  84.  The  L  and  R  hooks  though  made  at  the  beginning  are 
read  after,  not  before  the  stem ;  thus,  \^  play,  \  pray. 

\  85.  The  L  and  R  hook  combinations  are  used  for  such  close 
blendings  of  L  or  R  following  consonants,  as  occur  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  words  clay,  fry,  prow ;  but  even  in  such  words  as 
apple,  evil,  copper,  where  the  sounds  are  separated  by  a  slight 
vowel  the  hooks  are  used,  but  in  words  like  pail,  fear,  etc,,  where 
a  distinct  vowel  sound  occurs,  the  stem  signs  must  be  used. 

\  86.  In  some  cases  when  an  L  or  R  hook  sign  is  joined  to  a 
preceding  letter  the  hook  cannot  be  perfectly  formed,  in  such 
cases  a  slight  offset  of  the  pen  serves  instead  v»f  the  hook;  thus, 

reply,   |I_    tiger,  ,— <^  gospel.  /J  registry. 


28 


THE    SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S 


WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  4. 

[An  "  1 "  before  all  or  will  denotes  that  the  all  or  will  is  to  be 
expressed  by  an  £-hook  on  the  preceding  stem;  and  an  "r" 
between  two  words  denotes  that  the  word  immediately  following 
the  "r"  is  expressed  by  the  r-hook  on  the  preceding  stem.] 

WRITK  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH   32   77-S5. 


Play 
flow 

try 
true 

agree 
dray 

pry 

only 

glumes 
:o 

placed 
blooms 

pleased 

plow 

drew 

grasp 

draw 

free 

appraised 
plush 
brew 

flaw 
pleasing 
applause 

Iff' 

glass 

drayage 
apples 
glue 

crow 
trial 
blue 

frame 
cry 
throw 

frail 

plaster 

cluster 

glaze 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  85. 


Outer 
acre 
honor 
trouble 
purely 
jobber 
measure 

fear 
utter 
usher 
ample 
tackle 
proper 
rubber 

coil 
gear 
author 
azure 
angles 
staple 
copper 

powder 
pile 
lower 
owner 
Sickles 
evel 

impress 
pitcher 
bills 
jewels 
offer 
inner 

authorized 
buckle 
barrels 
reaper 
bushel 
fall 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  86. 

durable      degree        broker        nickel 

maker 
couple 


Liable 

honorable  allowable  cable 

cheaper      deliver       legal 

applicable 


taker 
enable 


brokerage 

maple 

shipper 


SENTENCES. 


/  shall  draw  on  you  at  three  days'  tight,  x  please  have  the  money 
ready. 

Owe  no  one,  and  ask  no  one  to  x  trust  you. 

Friday  is  looked  upon  as  an  unlucky  day. 

It  I  will  be  impossible  x  to  ship  you  the  bushel  measures  by  next 
Saturday,  butlwill  try  and  ship  them  Monday. 

/  shall  be  pleased  x  to  mail  x  you  our  price  list,  and  solicit  your 
custom. 

[  We  will]  deliver  your  copper  next  month,  if  possible. 

Speak  the  truth  so  people  will  have  faith  in  your  word. 

A  number  o/r  our  customers  will  arrive  to-morrow. 

The  offers  were  mostly  from  local  buyers. 

You  should  try  and  employ  time  to  the  best  advantage. 

/  have  nothing  to  say,  please  ask  them. 

The  prices  you  make  me  are  too  high. 


MANUAL  OF  SHOKT-HAND.  29 

2  87.  To  avoid  long  and  Inconvenient  outlines  an  L  or  R  hook 
may  be  used,  even  if  a  distinct  vowel  sound  occurs  between  the 
stein  and  the  L  or  R. 

PROPER  EMPLOYMENT  OF  THE  L  AND  R  HOOKS. 

\  88.  When  there  is  a  distinct  vowel  sound  between  the  con- 
sonant and  the  L  or  R  the  stroke  signs  should  be  used  instead  of 
the  L  or  R  hooks.  The  hook  combinations  should  be  retained  for 
the  natural  blendings  of  the  L  and  R  with  other  stems.  By  so 
doing  the  notes  will  be  more  easily  read  and  the  speed  increased. 
If,  however,  the  outline  would  be  too  long,  awkward,  or  extend 
too  far  below  the  line,  the  hook  should  be  used.  The  hook  for  R 
should  be  used  in  the  middle  of  words  when  that  consonant  is  fol- 
lowed by  M,  as  the  down  stroke  would  carry  the  outline  too  far 
below  the  line  ;  thus,  Tr2-M-Ns,  terminus,  P*-R-&N  ,  person,  P^-ssT, 
persist.  Full  is  best  written  Fl3.  The  hooks  should  be  used  on 
sterns  that  have  final  hooks  followed  by  another  stem,  when  if 
the  stem  L  or  R  was  used  the  final  hook  could  not  be  employed, 
or  if  it  was  would  make  the  outline  too  long  or  inconvenient. 
The  list  of  words  which  should  have  an  L  or  R  hook  instead  of  the 
stem  sign,  given  in  the  latter  part  of  the  book,  will  be  of  great 
help  to  the  student,  as  it  contains  all  the  words  in  common  use 
which  take  this  special  vocalization. 

\  89.  S  is  prefixed  to  all  the  L  hook  stems,  to  R  on  curves,  and 
to  the  W  hook  by  writing  the  circle  inside  the  hook. 

\  90.  S  is  prefixed  to  straight  R  hook  stems  by  making  the 
hook  into  a  small  circle,  sea  by  making  the  hook  into  a  large 
circle,  and  st  by  making  the  hook  into  a  small  loop. 

§  91.    SP1  SERIES  OF  CONSONANTS. 
^  aPl         ^   aBl         faTl      faDl       ^aCHl    /sJl 
<a_  sKl      0!_  aGl      <t_  sF     Q^  sVl      (*  sTHl     C  aDHl 
eVsZHl   tf-NsMl  <s^/sNl    e^x  sNGl 


g  92.    sPr  AND  sW  SERIES  OF  CONSONANTS. 
\aPr        °\  sBr       1   sTr      1  aDr      S  aCHr    S  sJr 
^sKr        —  sGr     ^aFr     '"NaVr       9  aTHr     9fiDHr 


30  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

\  93.  A  word  written  with  an  L  or  R  hook  stem  is  read  as 
follows :  First,  the  initial  circle  or  loop  ;  second,  vowels  before 
the  stem ;  third,  the  stem  with  its  hook  and  intervening  vowel, 
if  there  be  one  ;  and  fourth,  any  vowel  after  the  stem. 

\  94.  In  the  middle  of  words,  where  possible,  the  circle  and 
hook  of  the  double  letter  must  be  distinctly  expressed;  thus, 
~~ri  ^  excursive,  }  disclose. 

g  95.  After  T,D,B  and  P,the  circle  may  be  turned  to  the  right  to 
form  the  treble  consonants  sKr,  sGr;  thus, (p-e disgrace,  ^.disagree. 

2  96.  Students  of  Phonography  generally  experience  trouble  in 
writing  words  where  the  first  consonants  are  a,  t  and  r;  their  first 
impulse  being  to  express  this  combination  according  to  the  spr- 
series  of  consonants — by  turning  a  small  circle  on  the  r-hook  side 
of  the  consonant  T— whether  a  vowel  sound  comes  between  the 
st  and  r  or  not.  In  words  like  string,  strung,  strong,  strength,  strange 
and  strangle,  the  sfr-loop  may  be  employed  to  express  this  com- 
bination. When  a  distinct  vowel  sound  is  heard  between  the  st 
and  r,  in  such  words  as  store,  storm,  stork,  then  the  si-loop  and 
downstroke  R  should  be  used.  In  words  like  straight,  strap,  stricken, 
etc.,  where  the  st  and  r  naturally  blend,  and  even  if  the  «  was 
omitted  a  complete  word  would  be  left,  a  circle  should  be  turned 
on  the  r-hook  side  of  T  to  form  the  str. 

|  97.  The  syllable  in,  en  or  un  may  be  affixed  to  the  sPr  series 
by  turning  a  small  backward  hook  on  the  L  hook  side  of  the  stem, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  any  other  stroke,  to  avoid  turning  a 
circle  on  the  convex  side  of  N  by  a  small  back  hook  on  the  outside 
Of  the  curve ;  thus,  '  \  inscribe,  \^,  unstrung,  ~{^{  enslave. 

\  98.    All  or  will  may  be  added  by  the  L  hook ;  thus    f     at  all, 
(   they  will. 

2  99.  Are  or  our  may  be  added  by  the  R,  hook ;  thus,  ^_^  they 
are  soon. 

\  100.      L  AND  R  HOOK  SERIES  WORD  SIGNS. 

]  during3,    /  largely1,    f  truth2,   \  principal-le3,  \  number2, 
/  larger1. 

\  101.  A  large  number  of  words  contain  the  combinations  gu 
and  gu,  which  in  Phongraphy  are  equivalent  to  kw  and  yw ;  antf 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  31 

there  are  also  a  large  number  of  words  in  which  t  and  d  are  fol- 
lowed by  w,  as  in  acquire,  guest,  dwell,  twist.  This  sound  of  w,  is 
expressed  by  a  large  initial  hook  on  the  i-hook  side  of  these  con- 
sonants, but  unlike  the  «?-hook  on  L,  R,  M  and  X,  is  read  after  not 
before  the  stem  ;  thus,  p  twi&i,^  --  \  queer,  /^  —  x,  require. 

READING  EXERCISE  No.  3. 


KEY. 

Line  1.—  Play,  pray,  pale,  pare,  clay,  glow,  flow,  fray,  tray,  dray, 

evil,  oval,  other,  their,  yell,  ethel,  more. 
Line  2.  —  Outer,  aider,  over,  near,  inner,  honor,  only,  eager,  usher, 

shrew,  owner,  reply,  tiger,  tipple. 
Line  3.  —  Gospel,  registry,  register,  couple,  cooper,  real,  roller, 

bushel,  treasure,  preacher. 
Line  4.  —  Camel,  trapper,  angle,  ample,  rumor,  flay,  fail,  small,  tell, 

till,  dear,  care,  full. 
LineS.  —  Coarse,  call,  courage,  term,  persist,  their,  person,  per- 

sonal, fulfill,  Turk,  dark 
Line  6.—  Charm,  term,  thirsty,  thirst,  perform,  purple,  supply,. 

splice,  sable,  civil,  single,  simple,  sample,  school. 
Line  7.  —  Suffer,  spry,  spray,  seeker,  cedar,  sister,  physical,  feas- 

ible, disagreeable,  disgrace,  sting,  strap,  storm. 


32 


THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


Line  8. — Insoluble,  unscrew,  it  will  be,  they  are  able,  of  our,  of 
all,  all  our,  all  will,  to  all,  to  our,  who  are,  who  will, 
should  all,  should  our,  and  our-are,  and  all-will,  queer, 
require,  twist,  inquiry. 

Line  9. — The  principal  number  of  the  firm  will  arrive  to-morrow. 
Honesty  is  the  best  policy.  The  number  is  wrong. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  Xo.  5. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  g§  87-88. 


Tell 

till 

dear 

cheer 

call 

care 

for 

cur 

sure 

more 

mere 

nor 

near 

curse 

course 

their 

there 

rail 

real 

rule 

chair 

roll 

verse 

thirst 

thirsty 

nurse 

term 

terminus 

turkey 

portray 

perish 

parcel 

calcine 

culminate 

collect 

colony 

colonize 

corporal 

courage 

cornice 

courteous 

correct 

cursed 

carnage 

corner 

garner 

garnish 

furnace 

thirty 

Charles 

surely 

moral 

occurrence 

charm 

purple 

Germany 

verbal 

polity 

attorneys 

perfumer 

perhaps 

germ 

per]  ure 

preverse 

telegraphy 

perspire 

perceive 

parley 

barely 

dark 

turmoil 

terminate 

eternity 

adverse 

kernal 

dirk 

jerk 

curdle  " 

coarse 

girl 

ignore 
shark 

girdle 
incur 

furlough 
college 

Thursday 
realize 

reality 

WRITE  IN 

ACCORDANCE  WITH  \\   89-93. 

Supply 

splice 

settle 

saddle 

sickle 

satchel 

civil 

school 

sample 

single 

spry 

spray 

sober 

straw 

cedar 

screw 

sooner 

stager 

suffer 

sperm 

suppress 

supper 

spruce 

spring 

sable 

stopper 

stagger 

scrap 

scruples 

scratch 

WRITE 

IN  ACCORDANCE 

WITH  \  94. 

Possible 

feasible 

visible 

display 

displace 

disable 

plausible 

traceable 

disclose 

disclaim 

prosper 

destroy 

extra 

extreme 

tapestry 

abstruse 

dipleased 

distrust 

dishonor 

example 

mystery 

registry 

rasper 

prisoner 

WRxTE 

IN   ACCORDANCE 

WITH  \   f».">. 

Prescribe 

proscribe 

obscure 

discry 

disagreeable 

describe 

describer 

subscribe 

subscriber 

disgraced 

disgorge 

MANUAL   OF   SHORT-HAND. 


33 


WRITE   IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  g   96. 


String 

strangle 

storage 

straw 

strike 


Unscrew 
inseparable 


Twist 
queer 


strung 

star 

storrn 

straddle 

struck 


unseemly 
unsalable 

WRITE   IN 

quest 
require 


strange          strong  strength 

store  story  steer 

stir  sterling  strap 

strap  stretch  stretcher 

stripe  struggle  stroke 

ACCORDANCE  WITH   \   97. 

unsociable      inscribe  insolvable 
unscrupulous 

ACCORDANCE   WITH   §    101. 

twill  dwell  quell 

acquire          quire  square 


SENTENCES. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  mail~x.you  our  terms  on  railroad  supplies. 
1  hey  Tare  very  cheap  at  the  price  given. 

There  is  no  place  like  home. 

He  who  can  bridle  his  tongue  wins  the  approval  of  \  all. 

I  shall  endeavor  K  to  comex  since  this  is  the  case,  but  he  must  also 
appear. 

It  is  the  way  in  which  things  are  said  many  times  X  which  makes  them 
so  disagreeable. 

You  must's,  obey  the  laws  of  health  if  you  x  would  be  well. 


FINAL  HOOKS. 

F,  V  AND  N  HOOKS. 

\  102.  F  or  v  may  be  added  to  any  straight  stem,  whether  it  be 
simple  or  have  an  initial  circle  loop  or  hook,  by  a  small  final  hook 
on  the  right-hand  or  ess-circle  side,  and  n  by  a  small  final  hook 
on  the  opposite  side. 

\  103.  N  may  be  added  to  any  curved  stem  by  a  small  final  hook 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  curve.  The  »-hook  is  never  used  on  a 
curved  stem  except  to  add  of,  have  or  ever,  as  it  would  be  difficult 
to  distinguish  it  from  n. 

104.    TABLE  OF  F-HOOK  COMBINATIONS. 


\i  Pf  or  Pv         \  Bf     Bv 


Tf  TV  I  Df  Dv 


/  CHf  CHv 


Bv 


Jt  Jv 
Hf  Hv 


Kf  Kv 


Gf  Gv 


vtBv 


34  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

$  105.    TABLE  OF  N-HOOK  COMBINATIONS. 
^  Pn        ^  Bn        J  Tn         J  Dn         c/  CHn 
-^>  Kn    -=>  Gn        Vi  Fn         V>  Vn          C  THn       6  Dhn 

t)  Sn         )  Zn       6/  SHn      ex  ZHn      /°  Ln         "^  Rn 

^r,  Mn    ^?  Nn    v_5>  NGn     "^  Wn        6~  Yn      /-s,  MPn 

^  wLn    c/9  \\Rn  <rt>  wMn  ^_j?  wNn 


§  100.  When  X,  F  or  V  is  the  last  consonant  sound  in  a  word 
that  ends  with  a  vowel  the  stem  sign  must  be  used,  as  a  hook 
would  indicate  that  the  N,  F  or  V  was  the  final  sound;  thus, 

\  puff,   \      puffy*    \  pen,   \_  penny. 

\  107.  S  or  Z  may  be  added  to  the  /-hook  and  to  the  n-hook 
on  curves,  by  turning  a  small  circle  inside  the  hook;  thus, 
\^  puffs,  \o  vanes. 

\  108.    On  straight  stems  making  the  n-hook 

1.  Into  a  small  circle  adds     a;  thus,  \    pens. 

2.  "      "large     "         "        ss;      "      J    dunces. 

3.  "      "small  loop,      "        st;      "       —~  against. 

4.  "      "large    "  "      sir;      "       \punster. 

\  109.  The  n-hook  circles  and  loops  must  not  be  used  in  the 
middle  of  words  unless  the  hook  and  circle  can  be  made  distinct. 

*  110.  S  may  be  added  to  the  n-hook  circles  and  loops  by 
turning  a  small  circle  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem. 

\  111.  Some  students  seem  to  think  that  because  making  the 
n-hook  on  straight  stems  into  a  circle  adds  s  that  the  same  prin- 
ciple holds  good  when  applied  to  that  hook  on  curved  stems  and 
the  /-hook  on  straight  stems.  A  little  careful  consideration  will 
show  the  fallacy  of  this,  however,  as  should  it  be  done  the  hook 
would  be  lost  and  we  would  simply  have  the  stem  and  added 
s,  instead  of  the  stem,  hook  and  s.  The  circle  may  be  made  a  little 
smaller  than  xisual  when  written  inside  these  hooks,  so  as  not  to 
make  the  hooks  too  large.  The  srf-loop  or  large  circle  is  never 
written  inside  these  or  any  other  hooks. 

§  112.  In  order  to  give  a  better  form  and  to  retain  the  primi- 
tive word  the/,  v  or  n-hook  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of  words 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT -HAND.  35 

S 

where  convenient ,  but  in  words  like  devices,  devious  and  fence  the 
Stems  must  be  used,  but  in  words  like  puffery,  bravery,  gunnery, 
grainer,  granary  the  hooks  should  be  employed ;  thus,  <\j^'  bravery 


pennons. 

§  113.  Have,  o/or  ever  as  a  suffix,  may  be  expressed  by  an  /-hook 
on  the  preceding  consonant  stem,  and  been  may  be  added  to  the 
/-hook  on  curved  stems  by  turning  a  small  hook  inside  it.  The 
/-hook  on  curves  must  be  made  longer  than  on  straight  stems,  and 
when  the  n-hook  is  turned  inside  the  r-hook  may  be  made  a  little 

larger  than  usual  ;  thus,  /_,  which   have   no,     fa    fay   have  been 

t  __     they  may  have  been. 

$  114.  Than,  own,  in  or  been  may  be  added  by  the  n-hook  ;  thus, 
c~~*i>  more  than,  J  there  own,  \^  I  have  been. 

\   115.     F  AND  N-HOOK  WORD  SIGNS. 

|  differ-ence-ent,s  /  whichever,2  —  •*  govern,2  ^^_^  opinion^ 
\  experience,3  \^  phonography,1  (,  within.3 

BEADING  EXERCISE  No.  4. 


^~--^"^ 


36 


THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


Line  1.— Puff,  buff,  tough,  doff,  chaff,  cough,  cave,  jove,  rough, 

raff,  relief,  grave,  belief,  prove,  staff,  stove. 
Line  2. — Strive,  pen,  pawn,  ten,  chain,  gain,  gone,  fan,  fin,  vain, 

stone,  strain,  spun,  clan,  main,  than. 
Line  3. — Man,  men,  woman,  women,  human,  humane,  earn,  none, 

plain,  shine,  machine,  flown,  frown. 
Line  4. — Cough,  coffee,  men,   many,  puffs,  fines,   pens,  tenses, 

pounced,  canister,  punsters,  ransom. 
Line  5. — Fence,  fences,  devices,  plain,  plainer,  mean,   meaner, 

puffery,  drive,  driven,  references,  toughen. 
Line  6. — All  of,  to  all  of,  who  have,  should  have,  and  of-have, 

they  may  have  been,  who  have  been,  to  have  known,  I 

have  been,  other  than,  larger  than,   which  ever,  live 

within  your  income. 
Line  7. — There  is  no  royal  road  to  learning,  success  comes  only  by 

severe  study  and  diligence.    Out  of  his  sight. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  6. 

When  s,  t  and/,  or  s,  t  and  v  are  the  only  consonants  in  a  word, 
and  there  is  no  vowel  sound  between  the  s  and  t,  then  use  the 
stf-loop  and  the  stroke  T  ;  but  when  a,  t  and  n  are  the  only  conso- 
nants in  a  word  if  the  n  is  the  final  sound,  use  the  ess-circle,  stroke 
T  and  n-hook. 

When  the  consonants  t  and  /,  t  and  «,  d  and  /,  or  d  and  v,  are 
immediately  followed  by  n,  the  stroke  T  or  D  with  the /-hook  and 
stroke  N  must  be  used.  Also  when  d  or  t  is  followed  by  /  or  v 
and  d  or  t  the  stroke  D  or  T  with  an  /-hook  must  be  employed. 

AVRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \\  102-103. 

Puff  pave  beef  tough  cuff 

cough  cave  crave  grove  dove 

chief  buff  proof  above  bluff 

brief  trough  deprive  drive  drove 

calf  clove  glove  aggrieve  stuff 

stove  rough  belief  relief  scoff 

strive  starve  roof  pen  pain 

open  pin  plain  plan  been 

boon  upon  happen  done  down 

join  coin  queen  gone  again 

gain  often  fan  hne  even 

brain  brown  prune  thin  than 

thine  then  shown  man  men 

nine  mean  none  known  line 

lone  lean  cane  run  roan 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


37 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE   WITH   22  106-107. 


men 
cuffs 


happens 

plans 

suspense 


puffery 
plainer 
defence 
lonely 


many 
cloves 


purify 

gloves 


cough 
fines 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH   \  108. 

brains 

tense 

against 


dense  prunes 

appliance       bronze 
bounced         canister 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  112. 

gunnery         toughen 
private  profit 

ignorance       grainer 


define 


coffin 


pennons 
provide 
franchise 


dinner 


coffee 
mines 


chance 
chains 
appearances 


openness 

prefer 

chiefly 


SENTENCES. 


Never  say  where  ignorance  is  bliss  'tis  folly  to  be  wise. 

Every  man  is  free  to  express  his  opinion  of  the  value  of  Phon- 
ography, in  any  possible  manner. 

.     Scan  closely  the  pages  of  any  choice  book,  and  you  will  gain 
wisdom. 

The  man  drove  to  r  our  relief  and  before  noon  we  were  safe  at 
home. 

He  who  runs  the  fastest  at  first,  many  times  loses  the  race. 

There  is  no  royal  road  to  learning,  success  only  comes  by 
severe  study  and  diligence. 

Live  within  your  income  and  you  will  owe  no  man. 

Govern  your  desires  before  they  govern  you. 

Place  man  in  trying  situations  requiring  nerve  and  courage 
and  notice  their  different  manners. 


SHUN  AND   TER-HOOKS. 

§  116.  When  Phonography  was  in  the  early  period  of  its  exist- 
ence only  one  size  of  final  hooks  was  used,  but  careful  experiment 
and  daily  practice  showed  that  two  sizes  could  be  employed 
without  endangering  the  legibility  of  the  "writing,  and  a  large 
hook  was  taken  to  represent  the  frequently  recurring  sound  of 
shun.  On  curved  stems  the  hook  is  made  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
curve,  a  hook  never  being  turned  on  the  outer  side,  but  on 
straight  stems  the  hook  was  written  on  either  the  n  or /-hook  side, 
according  to  certain  rules,  giving  two  hooks  for  the  representation 
of  but  one  sound.  This  method  of  writing  the  hook  on  both  side 


452206 


38 


T1IE    SELF.IXSTRUCTOR'3 


of  straight  stems  at  length  was  seen  to  be  a  waste  of  Phono- 
graphic material  and  finally  one  author  used  a  large  hook  on 
the  n-hook  side  for  -five,  and  one  on  the  /-hook  side  for  shun.  But 
for  various  Phonographic  reasons  and  especially  the  advantage  it 
gives  in  phrase  writing,  the  large  hook  on  the  w-hook  side  should 
be  used  for  the  frequent  recurring  sounds  of  ter,  ther,  and  dher. 
The  two  Pitmans  (Isaac  and  Benn),  still  retain  the  old  method 
of  expressing  shun  by  both  large  final  hooks. 

I  117.    TABLE  OF  SHUN-HOOK  COMBINATIONS. 


\>Pflhn 

NO  Bshn 

U  Tshn 

t  Dshn 

^x  CHshn 

O  Jshn 

_^Kshn    . 

_=  Gshn 

ViFshn 

V>Vshn 

6  THshn 

C  DHshn 

i)  Sshn 

t)  Zshn 

(J  SHshn 

o'ZHshn 

<^Lshn 

~vi  Bshn    x 

--^>  Mshn    • 

.^PNshn 

_2  NGahn  / 

•~$  MPshn 

^Wshn 

^TYshn 

^Hshn 

r-vwMshn 

ajp  wNshn 

(?  wLshn 

o^  wJJshn 

^.Rshn 

\  118.  When  sh  and  n  are  the  only  consonants  in  a  word,  as  in 
ocean  ;  when  an  accented  vowel  comes  between  the  sh  and  n,  as  in 
machine,  then  the  stroke  SH  and  n-hook  must  be  used.  In  words 
like  notion,  mission,  caution,  etc.,  the  sAww-hook  should  be  used  • 

thus,  ^    ocean,    •£)  machine. 

$  119.  In  words  such  as  accession,  position,  transition,  physician, 
the  sounds  of  sesshun,  aisshun,  are  represented  by  continuing  the 
circle  into  a  hook,  and  a  is  added  to  this  hook  by  turning  a  small 
circle  inside  it;  thus,  —f  accession,  \  position,  J  transition, 

\e  physician. 

\  120.  Like  the  /and  n-hooks  the  shun  and  e«sAon-hook  may  be 
used  in  the  middle  of  words  ;  thus,  |  £  dictionary  I/'  transitional. 


\ 


objection, 
information. 


121.     SHTJN-HOOK  WORD  SIGNS. 

subjection,  '^_'i  signification, 


formation, 


MANUAL,   OF    SHORT-HAND.  39 

THE  TER-HOOK. 

§122.  As  has  already  been  stated,  a  large  final  hook  on  the  n- 
hook  side  of  straight  stems  adds  ter,  dher  or  ther.  This  only 
applies  to  straight  stems,  as  no  other  stem  can  take  more  than 
two  final  hooks,  and  a  large  hook  on  curved  stems  adds  shun.  The 
&r-hook  is  of  great  value  to  phonographers,  yet  the  average  stu- 
dent seldom  at  first  gets  a  clear  insight  into  its  proper  employ- 
ment. When  a  word  ends  in  the  sound  of  ter  this  hook  must  not 
be  used,  when  if  the  ter  was  omitted  a  complete  word  would  be 
left  as  in  better,  butter,  chatter,  patter,  but  in  such  words  as  bother, 
gather,  clatter,  character,  collector,  greater,  cutter,  gutter,  the  hook  may 
be  used.  It  is  true  if  the  ter  was  omitted  from  the  words  cutter, 
gutter,  a  distinct  word  would  be  left,  but  as  the  t  in  such  words  is 
not  written,  but  expressed  in  another  way  (by  the  halving  princi- 
ple not  yet  explained),  and  as  r  ending  a  word  is  generally  written 
with  the  down  stroke,  the  ter-hook  must  be  added  to  k  and  g  to 
express  the  added  sylable  ter.  Also  when  the  sound  of  ter,  dher  or 
*her  follows  A  or  Ree  the  ter-hook.  must  be  used. 

\  123.    TABLE  OF  TER-HOOK  COMBINATIONS. 

^  Ptr        ^  Btr        J  Ttr        J  Dtr       (/  CHtr    (/  Jtr 
-=>  Ktr    -=>  Gtr     /?  .Rtr      ^  Htr     </?  w.Btr 

2  124.  The  to'-hook  may  sometimes  be  used  in  the  middle  of 
words.  The  sound  of  der  is  never  expressed  by  the  fer-hook,  but 
must  be  written  with  the  stroke  D  and  the  r-hook  ;  thus,  —  s  gather, 
/\  reader. 

g  125.  S  or  z  is  added  to  the  shun  and  ter  hooks  by  turning  a 
small  circle  inside  the  hooks;  thus,  N^»  nations,  ~^  gathers. 
The  w-hook  may  be  written  inside  the  ter-hook  for  the  addition 
of  the  word  than  ;  thus,  /0  rather  than. 


\  126.  Their,  there,  or  they  are,  is  added  to  straight  stems  by  the 
tei'-hook;  thus,  J  what  they  are,  -^  gave  their,  f/  which  they  are. 
This  method  of  expressing  the  addition  of  these  words  is  of 
•great  value  in  phrase  writing  and  proves  that  in  making  the 
change  from  the  shun  to  ter  the  student  and  advanced  writer 
have  been  benefited  both  in  the  matter  of  speed  and  legibility. 


40  THE   SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S 

READING  EXERCISE  No,   5. 


...^^...^....  j...  v 


KEY. 

Line  1.  —  Passion,  fashion,  motion,  caution,  ration,  oration,  ovation 

nation,  national,  lotion,  fusion,  section. 
Line  2.  —  Sanction,  ambition,  attraction,  selection,  secretion,  re- 

demption, reception,  distinction,  aftection. 
Line  3.  —  Commission,  relation,  station,  situation,  position,  posses- 

sion, accession,  transition,  musician,  imposition,  succes- 

sion, transitions,  preposition. 
Line  4.—  Association,    passionate,    negotiation,    cutter,    gather, 

bother,  hatter,  character,  collector,  rather,  glitter. 
Line  5.  —  Writer,  rioter,  reader,  greater,  brother,  motions,  daugh- 

ters, by  their,  at  their,  rather  than,  what  they  are,  go 

there,  can  there  be,  come  their  way,  had  there  been. 
Line  6.—  Greater  than,  we  will  be  there,  by  their  own,  do  all  their. 

No  objection  should  be  given  to  the  proper  formation, 

of  the  character  of  children. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  7. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \\  116-118. 


passion  motion 

approbation  oration 
addition         duration 
commission  fashion 
erasion  fusion 


caution 

ration 

junction 

section 

ovation 


option 

attribution 

excursion 

solution 

mission 


action 

education 

commotion: 

collection 

nation 


MANUAL    OF    SHORT-HAND. 


correction 

discussion 

solution 

provision 

deviation 


accession 
decision 


rational 
actionary 


bother 
clatter 
carter 
collector 


locations 
daughters 


collision         oppression     suppression 
deception       sanction         exhibition 
aggregation  ocean  situation 

Srescription  subscription  permission 
estination    discretion      duration 

WRITE  IX   ACCORDANCE  WITH   \  119. 

possession      opposition     position 
accusation     succession     musician 

WRITE  IN   ACCORDANCE  WITH   \  120. 


national 
occasional 


passionate 
auctioneer 


educational 
cautionary 


WRITE  IN   ACCORDANCE  WITH   §  122. 


tatter 
gutter 
factor 
writer 


rather 
scatter 
captor 
heater 


daughter 
glitter 
gather 
hatter 


WRITE   IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH   \  125. 


passions 
attractions 


operations 
dimensions 

SENTENCES. 


portions 
caters 


separation 

suppression 

prevention 

temptation 

caption 


disposition 
sensation 


additional 
stationary 


cutter 
operator 
character 
porter 


bothers 
glitters 


Xo  objection  should  be  given  to  the  proper  formation  of  the  char- 
acter of  children. 

Man's  subjection  to  temptation  gives  occasion,  first,  for  dissi- 
pation, and  then  for  reformation. 

In  this  nation  of  free  men  every  man  may  obtain  office  if  he  can 
secure  enough  influence. 

Store  your  memory  with  valuable  information,  so  when  ques- 
tions of  importance  arise  you  may  assist  in  the  elucidation. 

Without  opposition  life  becomes  aimless  and  progression  ceases. 

It  is  necessary  x  fo  v  have  ambition  to  succeed  in  this  life,  because  a 
man  without  ambition,  like  a  ship  without  a  rudder,  is  simply  sail- 
ing to  destruction. 

Experience  teaches  us  new  ideas  are  unpopular  with  the 
masses  of  men,  and  those  who  advance  them  must  look  for  opposition 
and  persecution.  What,  then,  is  the  duty  of  the  reformer?  Shall 
he  cease  to  proclaim  his  message  because  men  are  unwilling  to 
receive  it?  Nay.  Pitying  such  ignorance  he  strives  with  more 
power  to  bring  them  higher  and  higher  and  nearer  his  level,  till 
success  finally  crowns  his  endeavors. 


42  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

LENGTHENING. 

2  127.  As  curved  stems  can  take  only  one  large  final  hook,  and 
as  such  hook  adds  shun,  the  sounds  of  ter,  der,  ther,  or  dher,  fol- 
lowing such  stems,  excepting  NG  and  MP-B,  is  expressed  by  mak- 
ing the  stem  twice  its  usual  length.  This  lengthening  principle 
is  also  used  to  add  their,  there,  or  they  are,  to  curved  stems  (the 
same  as  the  ^er-hook  does  to  straight  stems),  and  to  a  straight 
stem,  providing  it  has  a  final  hook,  and  sometimes  other.  The 
addition  of  the  latter  word  in  this  manner,  however,  can  not 
receive  a  very  high  recommendation  on  account  of  the  danger 
of  its  clashing  with  their  and  if  it  is  so  represented  the  short 
second  place  dash  vowel  must  be  written  after  the  length- 
ened stem.  Some  phonographers  also  apply  the  lengthening 
principle  to  simple  straight  stems,  but  as  the  tfer-hook  repre- 
sents the  same  additions  it  is  not  neccessary  to  lengthen  straight 
stems  to  add  ter,  dher,  or  ther.  A  final  hook  is  read  before  and 
a  final  circle  or  loop  after  the  syllable  added  by  the  length- 
ening principle.  In  determining  the  position  of  lengthened 
stems  regard  the  second  half  as  a  distinct  sign,  and  write 
the  first  half  in  its  proper  position  according  to  \\  15-16; 

thus,  Q    ^S   senator,    ^\^     whether,    * -"    on  their,    \.       of  or 

. 

or  they  are,  ^^~^  rnay  there,    **" ~*  mutters. 

\  128.  Sometimes  in  a  sentence  either  of  the  sylables  ter,  der, 
ther,  or  dher  is  immediately  followed  by  their,  there,  or  other, 
and  when  this  is  the  case  the  syllable  and  the  word  may  be 
expressed  by  making  the  preceding  consonant  if  curved  three 
times  its  usual  length. 

g  129.    Doubling  the  length  of  NG  adds  her  or  ger  and  of  MP-B 


adds  er;  thus,   X^       ^    banker,    ^  ..  «*•    younger,    |^       ^  temper, 
timber. 


2  129a.  NG  or  MP-B  may  be  lengthened,  at  times,  to  represent 
the  sounds  of  ter,  der,  ther  or  dher,  when  there  is  no  danger  of 
such  forms  clashing  with  ger,  ker,  mper  or  mber.  There,  their  or 
they  are  may  be  added  by  lengthening  the  NG  or  MP-B  the  same 
as  any  other  curved  stem. 


MANUAL  OF   SHORT -HAND. 
READING  EXERCISE  No.  6. 


KEY. 

Line  1.— Father,  future,  alter,  letter,  mitre,  mother,  metre,  under, 
voter,  order,  water. 

Line  2. — Smother,  softer,  sifter,  cylinder,  wilder,  flounder,  eleva- 
tor, lifter,  surrender,  another. 

Line  3. — Have  their,  may  their,  in  order,  I  think  there  is  no, 
we  know  they  are  going,  surrender  their  places,  with 
their. 

Line  4. — Anger,  younger,  linger,  cumber,  lumber,  jumper,  timber. 

Line  5. — Entertain,  undertake,  interpose,  intersection,  introduc- 
tion, interview,  we  know  they  are. 

Line  6. — Interposition,  interpolation.  Place  your  temper  under 
proper  subjection.  We  know  there  is,  will  there  be. 

Line  7. — The  longer  we  linger  before  beginning  a  task  the  harder 
it  becomes  to  finish  it. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  8. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  127. 


father 

neither 

matter 


another 

order 

thither 


44 


THE    SELF-IXSTRUCTOR'S 


loiter 

lighter 

metre 

smother 

smoother 

murder 

wonder 

center 

voter 

thunder 

asunder 

flounder 

matters 

futures 

undertake 

interposition 

interview 

if  there 

or  their 

in  there 

will  there 

of  their 

have  their 

over  there 

think  there 

through  their 

the  other 

was  there 

shall  there 

may  their 

in  there 

no  other 

is  in  there 

receive  their 

when  there 

miter 
winter 
weather 
slender 
entertain 
for  their 
offer  there 
however  there 
though  there 
some  other 
soon  there 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  §  128. 


further  their 
enter  their 


order  their 
center  there 


murder  their       whether  there 
surrender  their  render  their 


WRITE  IX  ACCORDANCE  WITH  §  129. 


anger 

linger 

ember 

chamber 

encumber 


younger 

sinker 

temper 

lumber 

camper 


longer 

rancor 

tamper 

jumper 

timber 


SENTENCES. 

[A  f  before  their,  there,  they  are,  or  other,  denotes  that  it  is  to  be 
expressed  by  lengthening  the  preceding  stern.  The  letters  "wn" 
between  two  words  indicates  that  the  following  word  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  w  and  n  hooks  on  the  preceding  stem.] 

Sailors  always  have  f  their  anchor  ready,  so  f  there  can  be  no 
delay  when  f  there  is  necessity  for  using  it. 

Place  your  temper  under  proper  subjection. 

Ko  f  other  person  can  supply  the  place  of  father  or  mother. 

Many  boys  and  girls  seem  to  think  f  there  is  no  necessity's,  for  f  their 
acquiring  an  education,  but  without  it  they  can  never  become  any- 
thing but  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water. 

The  longer  we  linger  before  beginning  a  x  task  the  harder  it 
becomes  to  finish  it. 

Without  enterprise  no  one  can  hope  to  succeed  in  any  business. 

At  wn  one  time  X  it  was  necessary  x  for  a  man  to  possess  brains  to 
become  senator,  now  money  is  the  substance  which  one  must  have. 

Will  the  officials,  off  their  own  free  will,  surrender  f  their  posir 
fions?  Seeing  f  their  refusal  would  be  foolish  they  1  will. 


MANUAL   OF   SHORT-HAND.  46 

HALVING. 

\  130.  The  sounds  of  t  and  d  occur  so  frequently  in  words  of 
daily  use  that  it  would  seriously  retard  the  speed  of  a  phonog- 
rapher  were  he  compelled  to  write  the  full  outlines,  so  in  the  early 
days  of  Phonography  a  shorter  way  of  expressing  these  sounds 
was  devised.  It  consists  in  writing  the  stem  preceding  the  t  or 
d  one-half  its  usual  length.  This  is  called  the  halving  principle, 
and  takes  effect  on  all  stems  except  NG  and  MP-B,  whether  sim- 
ple or  compound.  In  adding  d  to  X  and  M  by  the  halving  princi- 
ple, they  should  be  made  heavy  to  distinguish  from  M*  and  N<. 
When  t  or  d  follows  Ree  or  H,  write  both  stems  in  full.  Like  the 
final  hooks  the  t  or  d  added  by  halving  is  read  after  the  vowels 
and  can  be  followed  only  by  the  ess-circle,  therefore  if  a  vowel 
sound  follows  the  t  or  d  the  stroke  stem  must  be  used,  so  though 
pit  would  be  written  by  a  half  length  T,  pity  would  be  written 
with  stroke  P  and  T.  A  final  hook  is  read  before  the  added  t  or 
d  and  a  final  circle  after;  thus,  }_  pants,  .V..  fashioned,  ^ 


\  131.  The  positions  of  half-length  stems  are  the  same  as  full- 
lengths,  with  the  exception  of  third  place  perpendicular  and 
inclined,  which  are  written  immediately  below  the  line;  thus, 

X....  Pat>  c  Uet>     \  ?**• 

\  132.  Half-length  stems  may  be  joined  to  other  stems  and  used 
in  the  beginning,  in  the  middle  and  the  end  of  words;  thus, 
V-  —  N  bottom,  \j~  _^  fortune,  \j_  prevent, 


\  133.  Although  half-length  stems  may  be  joined  to  other  con- 
sonants, they  must  be  distinguished  by  junction,  length,  width 
or  curvature.  K  or  G  following  F,  V,  or  upward  L  ;  N  or  iXG 
following  P  or  B  ;  F  or  V  following  D  or  T  ;  or  W  following  K  or 
G,  cannot  be  halved.  Half-length  K,  F  or  V  must  not  precede  R 
or  W  ;  half-length  P,  B,  T  or  D  must  not  be  joined  to  IN"  or  iXG. 
Half-length  N  must  not  be  joined  to  P,  B,  T  or  D.  A  half-length 
downward  R  following  F,  V,  K  or  G  must  be  thickened  at  the 
lower  end.  Two  half-length  straight  stems  written  in  the  same 
direction  should  never  be  joined,  as  they  could  not  be  distin- 
guished from  single  straight  stems. 

\  134.  When  ted  or  ded  follows  another  down  stroke  it  is  best 
to  write  a  disjoined  half-length  D  or  T  to  keep  the  outline  from 


46  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

extending  too  far  below  the  line;  thus,    ,    date,  ,  ;    dated,  1    trade, 
1  ,  traded. 

\  135.  When  the  sound  of  est  follows  the  sound  of  shun  imme- 
diately after  K  or  G  it  may  be  represented  by  a  half-length  S  writ- 
ten upward ;  thus,  V ^  faetionist. 

\  13G.  The  past  tense  of  words  the  present  tense  of  which  is 
expressed  by  a  half-length  stem,  is  written  by  the  addition  of  the 
stroke  D  to  the  present. 

\  137.  When  t  or  d  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  that  is 
followed  by  a  vowel,  or  when  it  is  immediately  preceded  by  two- 
vowels  the  stem  sign  should  be  used.  The  stem  should  also  be 
used  when  the  word  ends  in  a  circle  or  loop  immediately  preceded 

by  a  distinct  vowel  sound;  thus,     |"  pity,   ~ — ^   notice,   \  poet, 

/\  riot. 

§  138.  Half-length  L  when  standing  alone  should  be  used  to 
express  the  sounds  of  It  only,  and  when  L  is  followed  by  d 
the  stems  must  be  used;  but  when  joined  to  other  stems  half- 
length  L  may  express  either  It  or  W;  thus,  £  light,  /}  led. 
^_y^  melt,  * — /""  mild. 

\  139.    When  either  t  or  d  follows  Ree  the  full  outline  should  be 

used,  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  clashing  with  the  ticks  for  and 

and  should,  but  when  joined  to  other  stems  half-length  Reemay  be 

used  to  express  either  the  combination  r  and  t  or  r  and  rf;  thus, 

A  red,  ,*— «/      mart,  *"*   mind,   , — */    mired. 

/>  I  ...••  ......... 

\  140.  When  final  d  is  preceded  by  L,  Ree  or  N,  preceded  and 
followed  by  a  vowel,  it  should  be  written  with  the  stroke  D;  thus, 
/I  solid,  t/|  tarried,  __/j  married. 

g  141.  To  or  it  may  be  added  to  a  word  sign  or  preceding 
consonant  by  the  halving  principle;  thus,  v  ^  /  am  able  to, 

^_    by  which  it  may  be. 

\  142.  Not  is  added  by  the  n-hook  and  halving  principle  com- 
bined ;  thus,  J  had  not,  j  do  not,  ^^  may  not,  {  it  mil  not  6e. 


MANUAL  OF   SHORT.HAND.  47 

2   143.      HALF-LENGTH  WORD  SIGNS. 

*\  Particular,1  opportunity,3  •- according-to,0    established-merit, 
^  movement.3 

READING  EXERCISE  No.  7. 


Line  1. — Pat,  paid,  pit,  cat,  cattle,  mat,  met,  metal,  middle,  fat* 

that,  shut,  sheet,  let,  hat,  write,  meet,  made,  nod,  yet. 
Line  2. — Good,  get,  God,  glad,  gladness,  found,  foundry,  founder, 

paint,  chained,  meant,  mind,  moment,  patient,  stationed, 

sufficient,  round. 
Line.  3. — Around,  count,   plant,  better,  editor,  chatter,  standard, 

splendid,  intent,  part,  fort,  fortunate,  appetite,  prevent. 
Line  4.— Patter,  better  than,  fact,  effect,  looked,  outfit,  peanut, 

great,  greater,  sentiment,  pete,  cheat,  late. 
Line  5.  —Date,  dated,  elocutionist,  nicest,  parted,  cart,  carted, 

enchant,  enchanted,  pretty,  duty,  beauty,  kittie,  druid, 

Hattie. 
Line  6.— Merit,  sometime,  pensioned,  mentioned,  ancient,  at  all 

time,  at  all  events,  may  not  have  been,  cannot  be,  could 

not,  be  able  to,  according  to,  by  which  it  might. 


48 


THE    SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S 


Line  7.  —  It  will  not  be,  shall  not  be,  should  not,  they  are  not,  this 
will  not,  we  may  not,  we  are  able  to,  we  are  not  able  to. 
The  sentences  must  not  be  neglected. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  !>. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH   \  130-131. 

Pat 

paid 

jet 

bought 

bad 

boat 

beat 

boot 

cat 

caught 

cod 

got 

goat 

get 

good 

chat 

chewed 

etched 

aged 

fat 

food 

act 

thought 

that 

might 

met 

made 

mad 

mood 

not 

night 

hand 

end 

light 

let 

art 

put 

added 

void 

vote 

viewed 

thanked 

formed 

used 

shut 

shoot 

joined 

happened 

opened 

broad 

bred 

bread 

tried 

child 

joint 

kind 

account 

called 

acquaint 

glad 

gold 

great 

find 

third 

sent 

send 

sound 

mind 

amount 

applied 

pride 

proud 

E  roved 

plant 

spread 

suspend 

blood 

rute 

abroad 

brought 

bent 

bend 

blind 

bound 

blend 

bland 

told 

toward 

trade 

attend 

stand 

sustained 

stated 

dreaded 

cheered 

comb 

cared 

sacred 

gift 

flood 

short 

bind 

land 

earned 

around 

rent 

rend 

round 

surround 

seemed 

want 

went 

wound 

signed 

honored 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE 

WITH  \  132. 

Patter 

chatter 

better 

editor 

auditor 

cattle 

cotton 

kitten 

patron 

matron 

goodness 

kindness 

fondness 

finder 

foundry 

paged 

parted 

shipped 

pulled 

boomed 

reached 

touched 

jobbed 

vouched 

assumed 

stripped 

merit 

malt 

potatoes 

potash 

pottery 

badly 

actually 

actual 

greatly 

actual 

maturity 

endless 

little 

ordinary 

thoughtless 

fortnight 

fortunate 

ascertained 

abundant 

gratified 

esteemed 

estimate 

rectified 

short-hand 

WRITE  IN 

ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  133-140. 

fact 

effect 

vacate 

looked 

locked 

peanuts 

divide 

b«nnet 

tuft 

patent 

correct 

collect 

deed 

deeded 

trust 

treated 

goaded 

goad 

act 

acted 

note 

noted 

vote 

voted 

beauty 

plenty 
lawed 

mighty 
write 

led 
ride 

led 
treat 

lot 

MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  4» 

'SENTENCES. 

[A"t"  between  two  words  indicates  that  the  word  following  the 
t  is  expressed  by  halving  the  preceding  stem  ;  "n"  that  the  fol- 
lowing word  is  expressed  by  an  n-hook  on  the  preceding  stem; 
"v"  that  the  following  word  is  expressed  by  a  v-hook  on  the  pre- 
ceding stem.  When  not,  with  the  preceding  word,  is  enclosed  by 
||  ||  it  indicates  that  the  not  is  expressed  by  making  the  preceding 
stem  half-length  and  adding  an  n-hook.] 

You  should  be  true  to  your  friends  at  1  allt  times. 

He  who  gave  his  honor  for  a  moment's  enjoyment  paid  an  ex- 
horbitant  price. 

The  goods  bought  of  you  the  f  other  day  are  almost  worthless. 

The  halls  of  vice  and  palaces  of  sin  may  glitter,  but  behind 
it  1  all  is  degradation  and  despair ;  truly  all  is  not  gold  that  glit- 
ters. 

The  possession  of  great  wealth  does  not  always  bring  real  enjoy- 
ment ;  the  heart  of  the  poor  man  is  often  more  light  and  free  than 
that  of  the  millionaire. 

Make  it  a  point  to  save  part  of  your  income — no  matter  how 
small — for  large  fortunes  many  times  x  have  n  been  formed  through 
such  a  habit. 

How  often  when  the  heart  is  bowed  down  with  a  weight  of  sor- 
row and  affliction  a  word  of  cheer  from  some  kind  friend  lifts  the 
veil  and  penetrates  the  gloom,  even  as  the  morning  sun  dispels 
the  darkness  of  the  night. 

Never  judge  any  one  without  giving  him  an  opportunity  to  defend 
himself. 

[  We  will]  ship  you  every  fortnight,  if  [we  are"}  fortunate  in  obtain- 
ing the  required  amount. 

[  We  may  be]  able  t  to  write  short-hand ;  and  yet  if  we  ||  cannot  || 
read  what  we  have  written  it  1  will  be  of  no  benefit  to  us. 

[  We  maii]  intend  to  do  good,  but  if  we  ||  do  not  ||  carry  out  r  our  inten- 
tions no  one  will  be  benefited. 

There  are  abundant  opportunities  for  doing  good  on  many  occa- 
sions. 

Why  should  we  ask  people  for  f  their  opinions  when  w»  ||  do  not  \\ 
intend  to  respect  them. 

There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men  which  taken  at  the  ebb  leads 
on  to  fortune. 

\\Do  not  ||  mingle  in  the  society  of  the  wicked,  for  if  we  touch 
pitch  we  ||  can  not  \\  hope  to  escape  being  denied. 


50  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOE'S 

Success  comes  only  by  hard  labor  and  there  it  no  other  way  by 
which  t  it  can  be  obtained. 


SIGN  FOR  REM. 

§  144.  The  rules  previously  given  state  that  when  r  is  the  first 
consonant  in  a  word  and  is  preceded  by  a  vowel  it  should  be 
written  with  the  down  stroke,  and  when  it  is  the  first  sound  in 
the  word  Ree  should  be  used,  but  before  M  the  down  stroke 
should  be  used  whether  preceded  by  a  vowel  or  not.  In  a  great 
many  cases  the  observance  of  this  rule  results  in  the  formation  of 
long  or  awkward  outlines,  besides  producing  hesitancy  in  tran- 
scribing. To  remedy  this  evil  a  sign  is  here  given  by  which  to 
represent  this  combination;  thus,  /^  Rem.  "But,"  some  one 

says,  "that  is  H  with  an  initial  circle,  and  how  are  we  going  to 
distinguish  one  from  the  other?"  The  answer  is  simply  this: 
There  is  no  necessity  for  H  taking  an  initial  circle,  as  the  only 
word  given  by  any  short-hand  author  where  a  vowel  comes 
between  the  s  and  A  and  such  combination  could  advantage- 
ously be  used  is  Soho,  and  it  would  be  folly  to  reserve  a  sign 
for  just  one  word.  But  if  it  is  desired  to  phrase  as  he,  has  he,  or  is 
he,  it  can  be  done  by  writing  the  as,  has  or  his  by  the  ess-circle  and 
joining  the  tick  for  he.  When  a  vowel  comes  before  the  r  the 
Rem  must  not  be  used,  nor  when  the  r  is  immediately  followed  by 
two  m's,  nor  when  two  vowel  sounds  are  heard  between  the  r  and 
m,  but  in  all  other  cases  it  may  be  employed;  thus,  -/\^  remove, 
jf~~"  remain,  /\^  ramify,  P  has  he1,  /  roam. 

SIGN  FOR  YR. 

§  145.  Y  precedes  r  in  a  number  of  words  where  it  must  either 
be  omitted  or  represented  by  the  contracted  y,  which  in  phrase 
writing  stands  for  you,  and  this  makes  the  writing  less  legible. 
To  obviate  this  difficulty  the  student  may  if  he  choose  employ  a 
large  initial  hook  on  Ree  on  the  opposite  side  to  the  ^t-hook. 
This  will  not  conflict  with  H  if  care  is  observed  in  the  writing. 
This  new  form,  like  wR,  will  take  all  final  modifications.  In 
phrase  writing  it  may  be  used  for  you  are. 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  61 

USE  OF  MP-B. 

§  146.  The  stroke  MP-B  must  not  be  used  when  a  vowel  occurs 
between  the  m  and  p  or  m  and  b.  When  the  sound  of  m  is  imme- 
diately followed  by^j  or  b  then  use  this  sign,  but  if  the  p  or  b  is 
immediately  followed  by  r  or  I  and  no  distinct  vowel  sound  is  heard 
between  the  p  and  r  or  I  or  b  and  r  or  I,  then  the  strokes  M  and  P  or  B 
with  an  r  or  Miook  must  be  used.  For  an  illustration  take  the  word 
empire,  which  would  be  written  with  the  stroke  MP  and  Ree; 
impose,  MP  with  an  ess-circle  ;  improbable,  stroke  M,  stroke  P  with 
an  r-hook  and  stroke  B,  improb  being  sufficient  for  legibility; 
import,  MP  with  a  half-length  Ree  ;  employ,  stroke  M  and  stroke  P 
with  an  £-hook;  embellish,  strokes  MB,  L  and  SH. 

PRIMITIVE  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

\  147.  Generally  when  a  student  of  Phonography  becoming 
conversant  with  the  modification  of  the  consonant  stems  and  the 
various  expedients  thus  far  explained,  attempts  to  write  words  of 
any  number  of  syllables,  he  is  at  a  loss  as  to  the  proper  form  to 
employ,  as  apparently  the  word  can  be  written  with  several  forms 
each  appearing  proper  and  correct.  The  great  fault  of  most 
Phonographic  text  books  is  that  the  style  of  writing  they  advo- 
cate is  the  commonly  accepted  theory  of  considering  each  portion 
of  a  word  as  an  independent  word  and  writing  it  with  what 
appears  to  be  the  easiest  and  most  flowing  outline,  irrespective 
of  other  words  to  which  this  particular  one  is  related.  Now  the 
most  philosophic  way,  and  the  one  advocated  in  this  work,  is  to 
consider  every  word  as  either  primitive  or  derivative,  and  to 
write  the  derived  outlines  in  accordance  with  the  forms  employed 
for  their  respective  primitives;  in  other  words  to  write  the 
primitive  word  according  to  the  general  form  and  then  add  the 
additional  consonants.  If  students,  when  beginning  dictation 
practice  will  observe  this  rule,  they  will  find  much  less  trouble  in 
writing  and  also  in  reading  their  notes  when  "cold."  Take  the 

words  grainer,  granary;    their    primitive  is    ^^  grain,  to  write 


grainer  the  most  philosophical  way  is  to  add  the  stroke  R, 

and  for  granary  to  add  Ree,  thus,  ^^-  Examine  the  formation 

of  the  words,  5  plant,    j^-  planter,   \.^  planning,   <L^  planting, 


52  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

^  plantation,  ^T  plaintiff",  and  y^fl  5*  plainly,  all  from  the 
primitive  \  play,  modified  in  the  easiest  and  most  natural  man- 
ner. In  the  words  mean,  meaner,  meanest,  the  primitive  is  .....  me, 
adding  an  n-hook  to  that  word  and  we  have  ^^  mean,  adding  R 

to  mean  and  we  have  "  ^^N.  meaner,  and  st  added  to  tn«ni  makes 
it  meanest,  but  as  an  «!-loop  cannot  be  written  inside  a  hook  the  st 
is  added  by  a  half-length  S;  thus,  ^~^  meanest.  If  to  the  outline, 

•X  press,  Ave  prefix  an  M,  we  have  •"  ^  impress  ;  a  half-length 
N  added  to  press  gives  us  \.  present;  if  to  press  we  add  a  stroke 


N  with  an  esa-circle,  it  makes        ~  presence.    These  few  examples 

will  give  the  student  an  insight  into  the  application  of  this  theory, 
and  demonstrate  that  it  may  be  used  in  the  formation  of  all 
words—  by  first  determining  the  natural  way  of  writing  the  primi- 
tive and  then  adding  the  other  syllables  whether  they  precede  or 
follow  the  primitive.  The  great  benefit  to  be  derived  from  this 
method  of  writing  is  that  it  renders  outline  writing  more  uniform 
and  consistent,  as  it  represents  the  language  more  faithfully  and 
philosophically.  By  following  this  method  students  make  more 
and  easier  progress  and  have  much  less  difficulty  in  both  taking 
and  transcribing  their  notes  —  in  the  latter  especially  because  the 
eye  becoming  accustomed  to  the  primitive  more  readily  deci- 
phers the  derivative.  One  of  our  rules  for  the  formation  of  con- 
tractions, that  of  omitting  the  final  strokes  of  a  word  that  written 
in  full  would  make  a  very  extended  outline,  is  based  upon  this 
theory. 

§  148.  In  writing  some  words  according  to  this  theory  there 
may  perhaps  be  a  slight  loss  of  speed,  but  the  increase  in  legi- 
bility will  more  than  balance  it.  This  theory  of  form  building 
has  been  too  long  overlooked,  but  it  is  destined  in  the  near 
future  to  be  adopted  by  all  Phonographers  and  phonographic 
authors  when  its  beauty  and  utility  are  more  generally  under- 
stood. The  following  will  tend  to  help  the  student  in  this  method 
of  outline  building  :  \  pay,  ^^  payment,  ^.^  paymaster,  ^  pond, 


\  ponder,   ^ponderous,   ?..  pound,   \pounder,   Vr^.  pounding, 

*    \ 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  53 

\fie,  %^  find,  ^\  finder,  ^\  founder,  **  foundry,  {^foundation, 
^^-—j  men,  ^-$  mend,  ^^^  amendment,  ^^,  amending,  f^  standing, 
~<~  standard,  /  stand  by,  - — •£  understand,  \  bet,  V.  better,  ^^  man, 

<*"~1>^  manner,  /  chair,    X__   chairman,  {* ^  fortune,       ~~\s^~' 

unfortunate,  \  tray,  -]  trade,  ^^  trader,  /  large,  /  larger,  / 
largely,  Q  largest,  ]  for,  \  forgot,  \  forget,  ^--  in, 

•^  '  "Q  incomes,    \    pen,        iO  pension,    (^, ^  con- 
continued,  *• -i  continuation,      .j  merge, 

submerge,  *•«-- &          normal,   \^ — »  abnormal,   \j—  perfect, 
imperfect,  \^ —    person,  \X/^  personal, 

THE  PAST  TEXSE. 

g  U9.    The  past  tense  of  a  verb  ending  with  a  full  length  stem 
is  indicated  by  halving  such  stem :   thus,    ^  blame,    \ 

*•    ""     ^k.  >•"'** 

blamed;  when  it  ends  with  a  half-length  stem  by  adding  the  stem 
D.  Verbs  that  end  Avith  the  sound  of  z  should  be  written  in  the 
past  tense  with  the  circle  s  and  stroke  D  when  only  one  stroke 
precedes,  but  by  the  sMoop  after  two  or  more  strokes ;  thus, 

_JD    cause,    — -P   caused,          ^  gaze,  ^  gazed,    .^X^vj   refuse, 

.-  refused. 


comes, 


•-  --  1 


NS  FOLLOWING  A  CUKVE. 


g  150.    When  stroke  M"  and  circle  s,  following  a  curve,  ends  a 
noun  in  the  the  singular  number,  or  a  verb,  write  the  stroke  N, 

not  the  n-hook ;  thus,  ^         fence,  V^^     _  fences. 


54 


THE   SELF-IXSTRUCTOR'S 
READING  EXERCISE  No. 


Line  1. 
Line  2. 

Line  3. 
Line  4. 
Line  5. 
Line  0. 

Line  7. 


KEY. 

-Ram,  ramble,  ramify,  ramilication,  ramp,  rampant,  roam, 
remand,  remain,  remainder,  remedy. 
-Remarkable,  remember,  reminiscense,  remissible,  remit- 
tance, room,  ruminate,  remnant,  rum,  rumble,  rumina- 
tion. 

-Yarn,  yarrow,  yard,  year,  york,  yore,  jrearn,  yardarm, 
Yorktown,  empale,  empire,  bump. 

-Embalm,  embank,  embark,  embarrass,  embezzle,  impal- 
ing, impatience,  impatient. 

-Import,  importer,  impertinence,  impugn,  impulse,  im- 
pure, impetus,  imprint,  impressive. 

-Ten,  tenable,  tenability,  tenacious,  tenaciousness,  tenac- 
ity, tenant,  tenantless,  tenantry,  tend,  tendency,  tender, 
tenderest,  tenderloin,  tenderly,  tenderness,  tense,  ten- 
fold, tenor,  tensely. 

-Tenseness,  tension,  attend,  attendance,  attendant,  atten- 
tion, attentive,  evident,  evidence,  nice,  nicer,  nicest, 
nicely,  pounce,  fence,  nicety. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  No.  10. 


Roam 
rumple 


WRITE  IX  ACCORDANCE  WITH   §  144. 

room  rim  ram 

remainder     remnant        remotely 


rum 
ramification 


MANUAL  OF   SHORT -HAND. 


65 


rampart 
rimple 


Dump 

amputate 

embrace 

impeach 

imperfect 

impetus 

impulse 


ream 
romantic 


remand 
ruminate 


reminder 
rumination 


WRITE  IX  ACCORDANCE   WITH   \  146. 

lump  bump  ambition 

champion  embezzle  embellish 

embolden  empale  embark 

impeachm'ntimpede  impelled 

impression  imperious  impersonate 

Import  impose  impound 

impure  preemption  mop 

WRITE  IX  ACCORDANCE  WITH  $  147. 


remission 
rumpus 


ambush 

embod}- 

impair 

imperative 

impetuous 

impoverish 

mope 


Ban 
band 
bandage 
bandaging 
bandbox 
stay 
stand 
standing 

standard 
standpoint 
act 
acted 
acting 
active 
actively 
activity 

actual 
actually 
actuary 
actuate 
ant 
antagonize 
antagonism 
antic 

antecedence  anticlimax 
antecedent     antidote 
antecharnberantipathy 
antedate        antique 
antepast        antiquary 
antichrist      antiseptic 
anticipate      antithesis 
anticipation  antithetic 


SEXTKXCES. 

This  is  written  to  remind  you  that  your  remittance  is  not  yet 
to  hand.  There  now  remains  but  one  remedy. 

We  shipped  you  to-day  the  six  reams  Rome  mill  flat-cap,  and  will 
ship  remainder  as  soon  as  you  have  room  for  it. 

We  shall  remove  to  new  and  larger  quarters,  iess  remote  from 
the  business  center,  about  the  first  of  the  month. 

Embark  in  no  enterprise  that  promises  to  impoverish  anyone. 

His  first  impulse  was  to  impeach  the  testimony  of  his  accuser. 

The  preemption  laws  are  not  fully  understood. 

Do  not  allow  them  to  remove  their  last  lot  of  goods  until  the  bill 
is  settled  as  per  agreement  ? 

When  a  steamer  from  a  foreign  country  arrives  in  port  the  goods 
are  taken  in  charge  by  the  Custom  House  officials  until  the  duties 
-are  paid  by  the  importers. 

We  would  call  your  attention  to  a  special  importation  of  ten 
cases  of  notions  which  we  intend  disposing  of  at  remarkably  low 
figures. 

//  you  are  not  careful  he  will  impose  on  you  as  he  has  imposed 
•on  others,  for  he  is  an  imposter. 

Success  emboldens  a  man  and  impels  him  to  renewed  activity 
in  his  chosen  profession. 


56  THE    SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S 

CONTRACTIONS— PREFIXES   AND   SUFFIXES. 

\    151.      LIST   OK   PREFIXES. 

1.  ACCOM— By  K  disjoined,  or  joined  if  preferred;  thus,       ' 

accommodate,         I    accommodation,  x/   accomplish. 

2.  CON,  CUM,  COM,  COG — Either  at  the  beginning  or  in  the  middle 
of  words  is  represented  by  writing  the  part  that  follow.-  the 
omitted  syllable  near  the  part  that  precedes  it.    At  the  beginning 
of  a  sentence,  paragraph  or  line,  the  prefix  may  be  indicated  by 
writing  a  small  dot  near  the  beginning  of  the  succeeding  part  of 
the  word ;  thus,  (\,  they  compose,   /~°  recognize,   j^  condemn. 

3.  CONTRA,  CONTRI,  CONTRO,  or  COUNTER— By  half-length  K  dis- 
joined, or  joined  if  preferred;  thus,  — ex  controvert,  •-£-•  contradict, 

••••\j    contribution,   .~"^~     counteract,    — •     contravened,    ~        '    coun- 
termand, ~^T?.  countersign. 

4.  FOR  or  FORE— By  F  joined ;  thus,   N    forfeit,   ^v  forever, 

^    -  forewarn,  V  foretold,  \^^ foremen,   \  forehead. 

5.  IN — To  words  of  the  aPr-series  and  to  *M  and  sL  by  the  EN- 
hook  ;  thus,  ^  in  solitude. 

6.  INTEL — By  a  half  length  N ;    thus,  ^--—  intellect,   ^_^_/^ 

intellectually. 

7.  INTER,  INTRO,  ENTER  or  UNDER — By  a  double  length  N ;  thus, 

intercession,  \.  interception,  |         introduction, 

enterprise,  """  ""*J  entertain,  J  understand,    -~ — f  under- 

stood. 

8.  MAGNA,  MAGNI,  MAGNB— By  the  stem  31  written  over  the  first 
part   of  the    remainder   of    the    word;    thus,     -^      magnify^ 

^  ^  ^ ^  magnanimous,  '^*  magnetism. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND.  57 

9.    SELF— By  an  ess-circle   written  on  the  line ;  thus,  «j^  self 

esteem. 

\  152.     LIST  OF  SUFFIXES. 

1.  BLE,  ELY — By  the  consonant  8  when  it  is  inconvenient  or 
impossible  to  use  the  stroke  B  with  an  £-hook ;  thus,  *-^  sensible, 

^\  fashionable, 

2.  FOR-E-M — By  F  joined;  thus,   /   therefore,  /^reform. 

3.  ING — By  a  light  dot  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  consonant, 
and  ings  by  a  small  tick ;  thus,  ....•„>..  patting,    V  puttings.    The  ing 

clot  and  dash  are  used  generally  after  contractions,  stems  with 
final  loops  and  half  length  P,  B  and  M. 

4.  ILITY,  ALITY,  ARITY — Any  consonant  when  disjoined    from 
that  which  precedes  it,  expresses  the  addition  of  ility,  ality  or 

arity,  or  any  other  termination  of  similar  sound ;  thus,  \,  penalty, 
/I    regularity. 

5.  LY — When  the  L  cannot  conveniently  be  written  upward  to 
denote  the  ly,  the  L  may  be  disjoined  and  written  near  the  prece- 
ding part  of  the  word  or  else  written  downward  ;  thus,  V  plainly. 

6.  MEXTAL,  MKXTALITY— By  a  half  length  M  with  an  n-hook 
written  near  the  preceding  part  of  the  word;  thus,  T^  instru- 
mental; the  suffix  may  be  joined  when  convenient  without  endan- 
gering the  legibility. 

7.  SELF— By  &  small  circle  joined  to  the  preceding  part  of  the 

word ;  thus,  ^..  myself,  and  selves  by  a  large  circle ;  thus,  (. - 

themselves,    s'    ourselves.    When  the  signs  for  self  or  selves  cannot 

be  conveniently  joined,  it  should  be  written  beside   the  last 
stroke  of  the  preceding  part  of  the  word ;  thus,  "»»  man's  self. 

8.  SHIP— By  the  stem  SH  joined  or  disjoined;  thus,  -^  fricnd- 

CT. 

ship,s  lordship. 


58  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

(».    SOKVKH — By  the  stroke  V  with  an  initial  circle  joined  to  the 
preceding  part  of  the  word ;  thus,     V  whensoever,  ^  whencesoever, 


whatsoever. 

§   153.     REGULAR   PREFIXES. 

"Regular  Prefixes,"  so  called  to  distinguish  them  from  the 
prefixes  expressed  by  some  contracted  form,  are  here  given  as  a 
help  in  writing.  The  student  should  acquaint  himself  with  the 
list  so  that  he  can  write  any  of  them  without  hesitation.  If  this 
is  done  speed  will  become  easy  of  acquisition,  as  the  student  can 
spell  the  word  phonetically  in  his  mind  and  write  it  as  he  spells 
and  yet  take  advantage  of  all  the  shortening  principles.  In  the 
list  the  words  are  not  illustrated  by  short -hand  characters  but  by 
letters.  Stems  are  represented  by  capital  letters,  and  the  various 
modifications  by  lower  case  italics.  The  small  circle,  large  circle, 
st-  and  stfr-loops  by  s,  ss,  st,  and  str  respectively ;  the  I,  r,  f,  n,  shun, 
and  ter  hooks  by  I,  r,  f,  n,  shn,  and  tr  respectively ;  the  isshun- 
hook  by  SHN  in  small  caps ;  the  in-hook  by  a  small  cap  N  ;  the 
lengthening  principle  by  tr;  the  halving  principle  by  t  or  d;  and 
an  rc-hook  turned  inside  any  other  hook  by  a  small  cap  N  ;  a  capital 
italic  letter  indicates  that  the  consonant  is  to  be  written  upward ; 
a  :  indicates  that  the  stems  are  to  be  joined ;  a  superior  \  z,  or 3, 
after  a  stem  indicates  that  its  position  is  first,  second  or  third 
place,  according  as  it  is  1, 2, 8. 

LIST. 

The  prefixes  are  grouped,  that  is  all  the  prefixes  represented  by 
the  same  form  are  given  together. 

AB,  BE,  BI,  BY,  OB — By  B ;  thus,  ~B-:Jshn,  objection,  B^sZxV, 
absolve;  B2:Tr,  betray,  B3:G:M,  bigamy,  Bl:W,  byway. 

Ac,  CO,  EC,  oc — By  K ;  thus,  K:sD3,  accede,  K.:Plrt,  co-operate,  Ks: 
T'fcK,  ecstatic,  K:P',  occupy. 

AF,  EF,  OF,  FORE— By  F ;  thus,  F3:N:T,  affinity,  F2:K:T,  effect,  Fls: 
R,  officer,  F*:Bd,  fore-bode. 

AFTER — By  Ftr ;  thus,  F'toNn,  afternoon,  F}tr:wTtds,  afterwards- 

Ac,  IG — By  G  ;  thus,  Gr.-V't,  aggravate,  G^Ni!,  ignite. 

AL,  IL — By  L;  thus,  Z/S:D,  allude,  IPs'JIrt,  illustrate. 

AMB,  EMB — By  MB;  thus,  MB3:Gs,  ambiguous,  MB:G:T8,  ambi- 
guity, MB:Z/*:SH,  embellish,  MBijR'iK,  embark. 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  5d 

AMPHI — By  M:F  ;  thus,  M:F  :Bs,  amphibious. 

AN,  ANA,  EX,  ix,  ex,  UNI — By  X;  thus,  XiB1:?,  ana-baptist.  X:K>: 
J2,  encourage,  N:D3rf,  indeed,  'NiV'h-a'.L,  universally. 

ANT,  ANTE,  AXTI— By  N*;  thus,  N<:R':K:T:K,  antartic,  Xif.-sD'X 
antecedent,  ^tl:Krst,  anti-christ. 

AP,  EPI,  OP,  UP— By  P;  thus,  P':T*,  appetite,  P2:D:M:K,  ejndemic, 
Pl:R,  opera,  P2:sT,  upset. 

ARCH — By  R:CH,  or  R:K,  according  as  the  sound  is  arch  or 
ark;  thus,  Rl:CH:D:K,  arch-duke,  ~Rl:K:T:Kt,  architect. 

As,  ES— By  S  ;  thus,  S3st,  assist,  S2:Tr,  estray. 

ASTRO— By  Str;  thus,  S'fcvXiM,  astronomy. 

AUTO,  OUT,  AT— By  T ;  thus,  Tl:Krt,  autocrat,  Tl:sT>,  outside,  T2: 
Mt,  attempt. 

BEN,  BENE— By  B«;  thus,  B2«:F<,  benefit,  Wn:V:Lnt,  benevolent. 

Bis— By  Bs;  thus,  B3a:K*,  biscuit,  Bs2:Tn,  astern. 

CAL,  coi^By  Kl;  thus,  K^:Kft,  calculate,  Klf:Rl:~$,  California, 
K2l:Ktr,  collector,  Kl:Jl,  college. 

CAT,  CATA— By  Kt;  thus,  Kz-.-L1,  cattle,  Kt:Ll:G,  catalogue. 

CATE— By  K:T;  thus,  KiT^KisM,  catechism,  K:T':G:^,  category. 

CATER— By  Ktr;  thus,  K<r:R2,  caterer. 

CEXT,  CENTU,  CENTI,  SEND,  SENT — By  sNt;  thus,  8$t:R*,  centenary, 
«X2^:Gr:M,  centigram,  sX2rf:XG,  sending,  sN2£:Mnrf,  sentiment. 

CHRON — By  ~K.ni;  thus,  Klrn:E,  chronic,  Krn.-L1.^,  chronology. 

CIR,  SER,  SUR — By  aR  if  it  is  followed  by  a  horizontal  or  up- 
stroke, but  sR  if  the  next  stroke  is  perpendicular  or  inclined; 
thus,  «R2:Ks,  circus,  sR2:Pnt,  serpent,  aRMMwtf,  surmount,  sR?:J,  surge, 
sR2:L,  surly,  aR2:P^a,  surplus,  sR-:Kl,  circle. 

CiS,  SYS — By  53;  thus,  saTVn,  cistern,  ssT3:M,  system. 

COR,  CUR,  CAR — By  Kr;  thus,  Krs:~Plnd,  correspond,  Kr:N:S»,  cur- 
rency, Krci:L2,  curdle,  K2r<:X,  curtain,  Kr.-B'n,  carbon. 

COSMO — By  K:sM ;  thus,  K:sM:P^:Tw,  cosmopolitan. 

DE,  DI, DIA,  »u,  DUO,  AD — By  D;  thus,  D':Pa,  depose,  D':Mfr,  dia- 
meter, D2:Ls<,  dullest,  D2:D:aM,  duodecimo,  Dl:Kwt,  adequate. 

DEC— By  D:K;  thus,  Di;K:MP,  decamp,  D2:Ktr,  Decatur. 

DBF,  DEV,  DIF— By  D/  or  D:F ;  thus,  Df2:Ns,  defense,  D'/'Dn^ 
diffident,  D3:Vs,  devious,  when  the  /  is  immediately  followed  by  n 
or  t  or  d  use  the  D/. 

DBS,  DIS,  DYS — By  Ds ;  thus,  D*s.-P:R,  despair,  D*s:Kv:R,  discovery v 
D2a:P:P,  dyspepsia. 

DEST,  DIST— By  Dst;  thus,  D2«<:X,  destiny,  TPst.-NGt,  distinct,  D2?tr: 
B,  disturb,  D3str:E.t,  district. 


60  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

EM,  IM— By  M;  thus,  M-:X:X£,  eminent,  M:P3J:K<,  implicate. 
Ex— ByKa,-  thus,   K:sR?ss,  exercise,  K2s.-K£;M,  exclaim,  KsiPins, 
expanse. 

EQUI — By  Ku>;  thus,  Kw>.-P2:J,  equipage,   Ktc.-D3«!:X)!,   equidistant. 
GEO — By  J;  thus,  Ji:M:lV,  geometry. 
HEX — By  /<K.v  thus,  AK2«:Gn,  hexagon. 

IR,  ER— By  RofjR;  thus,  Rs:G*,  irrigate,  R*:Tt,  irritate,  R^.Vrnt, 
irreverent,  R2:R,  error,  R-:lyshn,  truption. 

LITH— By  L:TII ;  thus  L*:TK:Grf,  lithograph. 

MAL,  MEL,  MIL — By  M:L;  thus,  MiZ^s,  malice,  M:Z/2:D,  melody,  M: 
Z^:R,  miller. 

MANU,  MONO,  OMNI— By  M:X;  thus,  M:X:P':Z/^  manipulate,  M:X: 
L1,  manual,  MiXiPMZys,  monopolize,  M:X:P:):T«^,  omnipotent. 

MED,  META,  METE — By  M<;  thus,  M2d:K/,  medical,  M^:F;)s:K,  >«e<«- 
physic,  ~M.t:Ll:K,  metallic. 

MULT— By  M:L*;  thus,  M:i^:P;,  multiply,  W.ISf.ld,  multitude. 

MYTH— By  M:TH ;  thus,  M:TH3:KZ  mythical. 

Nox — By  Nra,  when  conA'enient,  or  X:X;  thus,  Nn:R2s:Dnt,  non- 
resident, N:N:X:T2:T,  nonentity. 

OVER,  EVER,  EVERY — By  "V>;    thus,  V2r:K,  overcome,   V2r:Grw, 
evergreen,  WrwTZ,  everywhere,  V2rn,  every  one. 

PAN— By  Pn;  thus,  P^iKiK,  pan-cake,  Pln:Z,  pansy,  P':X?-:M, 
panorama,  Pln:T:Ln,  pantaloon,  P':X:THr,  panther. 

PER— By  P:R,  but  souietitues  by  Pr;  thus,  P-:R:sN,  person,   P'r: 
ssT,  jiersist,  P2rs:wD,  persuade,  P^'.Ps,  perhaps. 

PHIL,  FULL— By  FJ;  thus,  THiDl,  Philadelphia,  F*l:Yl,  fulfill. 

PLEN— By  Pin;  thus,  P2^n:T,  plenty. 

PRIM — By  Pr:M ;  thus,  P3r:N.:Rs,  primrose,  Plr:M:R,  primary. 

Puo-By  P>-;    thus,   Plr:Vd,  provide,    Plr:Ft,  profit,  Plr:P:R:T, 
property. 

PROTO— By  Prt;  thus,  P2rt:T:P,  prototype. 

QUAD — By  Kwd;  thus,  KwdiRmt,  quadrant,  KwdiRitr,  quadrature. 

RAM,  REM,  RIM,  RUM — By  Rm;  thus,  Rml:Pn<,  rampant,  Riu3?z:sXa, 
reminiscense,  Rm2:Bi,  rumble. 

RE— By  R;  thus,  ^23:SHr,  reassure,  .R3:B:K,  rebuke. 

REAL— By  Rl;  thus,  Rll:T,  reality,  R3ls,  realize. 

RETRO— By  Rt;  thus,  R2t:sP:Kt,  retrospect. 

SEX — By  «Ks;  thus,  «Ks:T2«,  sexton. 

•  SEL,  SOL,  CEL— By  sL ;  thus,  sLs:D:F,  solidify,  «L3:D/:D,  Solidified, 
sL2:D:M,  seldom,  sIS'.Kshn,  selection,  sL2:R,  ceWar. 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  61 

SUB— By  sB ;  thus,  sB2s:Tn,  substantiation,  sB3:Ms:V,  submissive, 
»B2:aL,  subsoil. 

Sri'ER,  SUPRA — By  sPr;  thus,  sP3r:X:Ds,  superinduce,  sPV.M;:S, 
supremacy. 

TRANS — By  Tms;  thus,  TVrcs.-T,  transit,  sometimes  the  n  can  be 
omitted,  Tlrs:Kskn,  transaction,  TVsrKnPtf,  transcript. 

TRI,  UTTER— By  Tr;  thus,  TV:M:F,  triumph,  TV:L,  fruiJ,  TV.-L, 
utterly. 

WITH— By  DH ;  thus,  DHJ:Dr,  withdraw,  DH3n,  within. 

OMISSIOX  OF  CONSONANTS. 

§  154.    The  following  consonants  may  be  omitted : 

1.  K  or  Gr   after   NG,    unless   the   K  or  G  is  final;    thus, 
^  sanction,  \-^  distinctions,  s~>    angle1. 

2.  T  between  s  and  another  consonant ;  thus,  N^  postpaid. 

3.  P  between  T  and  another  consonant ;  if  no  vowel  follows ; 
thus,  L,  tempt,  l^  dumped. 

4.  N  before  the  sound  of  jer  ;  thus,  \passenger1,  *• — 5  messenger. 

5.  K  from  such  words  as  construction-,  refraction,  restriction;  thus, 
j^  instruction,  /^  refractioni. 

6.  X  from  such  words  as  transpose,  attainment,  transgress,  etc.; 

thus,  v  transpose,^  atonement. 

7.  L  between  the  strokes  N  and  J;  thus,  /^  knowledge1,  «^  intelli- 
gent, *y  intelligence. 

8.  Words  ending  in  -nrfiaZ  or  -ntially,  may  be  abbreviated  by 

leaving  off  the  final  syllable,  -tial  or  -tially;  thus,  I financial1, 

\>  substantial!,  ^»  confidentially. 

OMISSION  OF  WORDS. 

§  155.    The  following  words  may  be  omitted  : 
1.    OF — Between  two  nouns  which  can  be  joined  to  denote  the 
omission. 


62 


THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


2.  AND — From  the  middle  of  a  phrase  and  the  adjacent  words 
joined  ;  thus,  e  «->  more  and  more. 

3.  OR — From  such  phrases  as  «-^"»  more  or  lest. 

4.  To — From  such  phrases  as  —  according  to  *"(__  in  respect  to, 
*-*~  in  regard  to. 

5.  FROM-  TO — From  such  phrases  as   1 1  from  day  to  day,     \. 
from  hour  to  hour. 

WRITING   EXERCISE  No.  11. 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  151. 


Accompany 
they  compare 
incomplete 
comprehensive 
magnify 
selhsh 
self-interest 
contravene 
counterpoise 

foreclose 
foregone 
introduce 
accomplice 
no  comparison 
they  combine 
condition 
magnetism 
self-esteem 

contraband          accomplishment 
controversy         condensation 
counteractive     maganimous 
forefather            selfevident 
undertake           counterpart 
interrupt             counterbalance 
recognize             foremost 
recompense         interview 
contradistinction 

WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  152. 


Sensible 
bleeding 
meetings 
plainly 


Anxiety 
function 
lastly 
refraction 


itself 

wheresoever 
fashionable 
arresting 


popularity 
fundamental 
township 
patting 


pleadings 
instability 
detrimental 
lordship 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  |  154. 


transcribe 
providential 
anxious 
testimony 


tempt 
transpose 
financial 
junction 


mostly 
passenger 
transport 
essential 


WRITE  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  \  155. 


Gentlemen  of  the  jury 
ladies  and  gentlemen 
from  time  to  time 
in  point  of  fact 
we  mean  to  have 
from  place  to  place 


bill  of  lading 
less  and  less 
mean  to  be 
bill  of  sale 
more  or  less 
one  or  both 


last  will  and  testament 
breach  of  promise 
for  ever  and  ever 
more  and  more 
in  regard  to 
from  day  to  day 


SENTENCES. 

The  convention  then  resolved  itself  into  a  committee  of  the 
whole. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND.  63 

Neither  despise  nor  oppose  what  you  do  not  understand. 

Ample  compensation  will  be  allowed  if  you  undertake  the  task 
and  successfully  complete  it. 

Our  goods  are  all  in  first-class  condition  and  the  prices  compare 
favorably  with  any  ever  given. 

Beware  of  any  person  whose  only  recommendation  is  that  of 
personal  magnetism. 

Self-esteem  is  not  pernicious,  but  the  egotistical  man  soon  be- 
comes an  object  of  ridicule  and  is  despised  by  all  sensible  people. 

Education  is  the  fundamental  principle  of  civilization. 

Gold  and  silver  money  is  more  easily  counterfeited  than  paper. 

Never  undertake  to  applaud  your  own  virtues  or  present  your 
good  deeds  for  approval ;  let  some  n  one  else  interpose  a  few  good 
words  in  your  behalf  if  you  desire  popularity. 

( We  will  be)  pleased  x  to  mail  you  from  time  to  time,  or  with  regu- 
larity if  you  desire,  plainly  printed  quotations  of  the  market. 

The  experience  you  have  gained  will  more  n  than  counterbalance 
any  financial  loss  you  may  v  hate  sustained. 

A  duplicate  bill  of  lading  has  been  sent. 

Never  contradict  or  interrupt  any  one. 

Inr-f  order  that  we  may  be  able  to  meet  our  obligations  your  bill 
must  be  paid  at  wns  once. 


REMARKS  ON  PHRASE  WRITING. 

\  156.  A  proper  and  judicious  use  of  phraseography  (joining 
words  together  occurring  in  phrases  and  clauses)  is  one  of  the 
greatest  aids  to  rapid  writing.  The  forms  thus  given  are  more 
compact,  and  will,  in  all  probability,  be  more  carefully  written  as 
they  require  less  time,  and  therefore  will  be  more  easily  read. 
It  is  possible  to  join  the  words  together  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  the  phrase  almost  unintelligible.  No  time  is  saved  in 
writing  awkward  combinations,  as  transcribing  becomes  a  mere 
matter  of  guess-work  and  therefore  incorrect.  Such  phrases  as, 
"which-they-would,"  "shall-you-be,"  "do-you-have,"  "with-us," 
"will-you-have,"  etc.,  are  forms  that  retard  rather  than  facilitate 
speed,  and  are  very  hard  to  decipher. 

\  157.  Phrases  should  consist  of  words  that  are  naturally  col- 
lected in  meaning,  such  as  pronouns  and  verbs,  prepositions  and 
pronouns,  adjectives  and  nouns,  several  verbs,  and  words  that 
are  naturally  connected  in  a  phrase  or  clause ;  thus,  "as-well-as," 


64  THE    SELF-IXSTKUCTOU'S 

"as-well-as-can-be,"  "yon-may."  "by-their,"  "great-men,"  '•may- 
bave-been,"  "I-am-as-well-as-usual,"  but  there  should  be  no 
straining  after  phrases.  They  may  be  composed  entirely  of  con- 
tracted words,  or  of  words  that  are  not  contracted,  or  of  con- 
tracted or  uncontracted  words. 

\  158.  The  first  word  of  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  its 
proper  position  with  respect  to  the  line  of  writing,  the  other 
words  being  joined  to  the  ttrst  without  respect  to  their  proper 
position.  But  when  the  first  word  of  the  phrase  belongs  to  the 
h'rst  position,  and  is  represented  by  a  circle,  loop  or  horizontal 
stem,  or  any  half-length  stem,  if  necessary  to  secure  greater 
legibility,  the  first  word  may  be  raised  or  lowered  so  as  to  allow 
the  second  word  of  the  phrase  to  be  written  in  the  position  it 
would  occupy  if  standing  alone. 

2  159.    CAUTION. 

1.  Words  which  are  not  united  in  phrases  or  clauses  must  not 
be  joined. 

2.  Words  whose  junction  would  be  awkward,  or  not  allowable, 
must  not  be  joined. 

3.  No  phraseogram  should  extend  more  than  two  strokes  below 
the  line. 

4.  Phraseograrns  of  inconvenient  length  should  not  be  em- 
ployed.   More  than  ten  words  should  never  be  joined. 


5.    At  least  must  be  written  ^  to  distinguish  it  from  '         at 


last.  No,  go,  own,  least,  else,  see,  ill,  when  joined  to  the  preceding 
word  should  be  vocalized  to  distinguish  them  from  any,  come, 
know,  last,  less,  say,  well.  When  change  is  thrown  out  of  position, 
write  it  in  full  to  distinguish  it  from  charge ;  gentleman  should  be 
written  Jlnt  to  distinguish  it  from  J*nt  gentlemen.  Inner  should 
always  be  vocalized  to  distinguish  it  from  near  and  leave  to  prevent 
its  conflicting  with  live.  Ever  as  a  word  sign,  whether  standing 
alone  or  used  in  phrases,  should  always  be  written  W,  but  as  a 
suffix  it  may  be  written  with  the  0-hook. 

I  ICO.  The  leading  principles  governing  the  formation  of 
phrases  have  now  been  explained.  There  is  scarcely  any  limit  to 
the  extent  to  which  they  can  be  used.  On  the  following  two 
pages  will  be  found  a  list  of  very  useful  ones  which  should  be 
carefully  studied. 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


65 


Able  to  think 

absolutely  necessary 

according  to 

act  of  Congress 

after  that  time      } 

again  and  again    ! 

and  has  been          f 

any  one 

as  far  as 

as  fast  as 

as  long  as 

as  it  j 

as  it  is 

at  once 

at  or  about  that  time 

at  the  present  time    j 

at  their  own 

before  there 

better  than 

by  all  means 

by  their  own   '         1 

by  which  it  may  be  ( 

by  which  there          f 

Can  there  be 

can  there  not  be    "1 

could  not  be 

debenture  bond     f 

do  not  be  J 

do  their  part 

do  you  mean  to  say 

did  all  their 

Every  consideration  J 

financial  agents 

for  my  part 

for  there  has  been 

Give  there 

greater  than 

Had  been 

had  there  been 

have  all 

have  been  there 

has  not  earned 

he  could  not  have  been 

he  would  not  have  been 

I  am  glad         1 

I  am  sure          1 

I  do  not  think  f 

I  have  been    J 

I  hope  you  will  be 

I  know  there  has  been 

I  may  not  be 

I  think  there  is 

I  will  not  be 

in  order  that  we  maybe 

in  relation  to 

is  it  not 

it  is  important 

it  is  impossible 

it  is  well  known 

it  would  have  been 


THE  SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


Just  as  well  as 
just  been 
Let  us  be 
less  than 
lower  rates 
Most  likely 
must  have  been 
must  not  be 
my  dear  brother 
my  dear  sir 
No  such  thing        ( 
Of  course  it  is        J 
on  account  of 
ought  not  to  have    I 
ought  not  to  be 
Railroad  company  J 
railroad  station    "| 
railway  company  I 


J 


rather  be 
rather  have 
rather  than 
Sec.  of  State 
seems  to  be 
shall  be 
shall  not  be 
shall  our 
shall  our  own 
so  there  may  be 
some  one 
such  has  been     , 
such  have  been  J 
That  has  been    J 
that  it  may  be 
that  the  company 
that  the  payment 
there  has  been 
they  have  not  been 
they  will  have 
We  are  able  to 
we  are  not  able  to 
we  are  ready 
we  did  not 
we  do  not 
we  have  been  , 
we  may  be  able  to 
we  may  have  been 
we  may  not  be 
we  will  be  there 
we  will  not  be 


we  will  not  be  x-i  c       Q 

we  will  ship                   I  ----•£- V--<^_^V- 

when  there  has  been  [  £\       \             0 

what  was  the  matter  J  />'     v>                       .x 

i^-M *" 


which  will  be 
with  which  they  are   I 
would  have  been         I 
You  are  ) 

you  are  not 
you  have  been 
you  will  not 
your  own 


MANUAL   OF   SHORT-HAND.  67 

RULES  FOR  FORMING  CONTRACTIONS. 

§  161.  The  following  rules  will  enable  the  student  to  intelli- 
gently abbreviate  words  that  written  in  full  would  present  too 
extended  outlines : 

1.  ABSTRACT — may  be  indicated  by  writing  the  stem  B  through 

the  following  perpendicular  or  horizontal  stem  ;  thus, 

abstract  clerk. 

2.  AGENT — by  an  intersected  J;  thus,  "/"  insurance  agent. 

3.  ASSOCIATION— by  an  intersected  SH;  thus,  j^  Building  Asso- 
•ciation. 

4.  COMPANY — by  an  intersected  K;  thus,  -£_  joint  stook  company. 

5.  DEPARTMENT— by  an  intersected  D;  thus,  \  abstract  depart- 
ment, "f^^  claim  department. 

6.  DIRECTOR — by  an  intersected  Dr;  thus,  ^  new  director. 

7.  MANAGER — by  an  intersected  M;  thus,  Az»  manager's  office. 

8.  OFFICIAL— by  an  intersected  F;  thus,  -^  government  official. 

9.  RAILROAD — by  an  intersected  Ree ;  thus,  \  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  <?*•  railroad  manager,  railway  by  Rl  intersected. 

10.  SOCIETY— by  an  intersected  S;  thus,/*    law  society. 

11.  SUPERINTENDENT— by  an  intersected  sPr ;  thus,   X  general 
superintendent,  <:^0  superintendent's  department. 

The  principle  of  intersected  letters  standing  for  words  may  be 
applied  further  than  according  to  the  rules  given  here,  as  in  any 
special  branch  of  short-hand  work  one  or  more  words  may  be 
very  frequently  employed  and  these  may  be  represented  by 
striking  the  principal  consonant  through  the  other  word.  Thus 
in  the  railroad  business  the  word  passenger  might  occur  very 
frequently  and  this  could  be  represented  by  an  intersected  P ;  in 
law  reporting  plaintiff  might  occur  very  frequently  and  could  be 
indicated  by  an  intersected  P. 

12.  CON  may  be  omitted   from  the   middle   of  words,  and 
sometimes  initially  ;  thus,  *   inconsistent?,   *  combined. 


68  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

13.  Omit  K  from  such  syllables  as  -action,  -ection,  etc. 

14.  Omit  circum  from  such  words  as  circutnscribe,  circumstance,  etc. 

15.  Omit  N  from  words  of  more  than  three  strokes. 

16.  Omit  the  final  syllables,  -tial,  -tially. 

17.  Generally  when  a  word  that  written  in  full  would  extend 
to  more  than  three  strokes  omit  the  latter  part. 

18.  The  final  syllable  merits  may  be  written  Mfo. 

19.  The  common  long-hand  abbreviations  may  also  be  used  as 
contractions  in  short-hand  writing;  thus,  Jl:N,  January,  Jlnt,  gen- 
tleman, J2n,  general-ly,  D2:M,  democrat-ic,  D':M:K,  democracy,  sG*, 
Kignify-icant,    N:Y',  New  York,    JV,  junior,  M:N:F',  manufacturer, 
K:?1,  captain,  DV,  doctor,  DV,  debtor,  R:J3,  original,  N3s,  insurance, 
.R2:G,  regular,  B2rn,  brethren,  722s:G,  resignation. 


WORD    SIGNS    OR   GRAMMALOGUES. 

\  162.  In  every  work  on  short-hand  heretofore  published  will  be 
found  a  long  list  of  "grammalogues"  or  "word  signs,"  which  the 
student  is  told  must  be  learned  before  dictation  can  begin.  This 
is  a  stupendous  task  and  one  over  which  the  student  generally 
becomes  discouraged,  and  is  the  cause  of  so  many  failing  to 
acquire  this  science.  A  careful  analysis  of  these  lists  will  gener- 
ally show  that  nearly  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  words  therein 
contained  are  not  represented  by  arbitrary  signs  but  are  simply 
written  in  the  reporting  style,  while  the  remainder  are  repre- 
sented by  some  suggestive  sign.  The  knowledge  of  this  fact 
would  save  the  student  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  time  required 
to  memorize  the  entire  list,  and  this  time  put  into  practicing  from 
dictation  would  enable  him  sooner  to  acquire  the  speed  sought. 

g  163.  This  knowledge  has  been  used  in  the  compilation  of  the 
word  signs  given  in  this  work,  and  instead  of  a  list  of  427,  as  in 
Isaac  Pitman's  Manual  and  "  Reporters'  Companion,"  from 
which  the  most  of  these  are  taken,  only  75  are  presented  to  be 
memorized.  This  list  contains  a  number  not  given  in  Pitman's, 
so  the  real  reduction  is  nearly  eighty-five  per  cent.  The  student 
has  already  had  in  his  writing  exercises  all  the  "  grammalogues  " 
not  given  in  this  list,  so  he  has  become  familiar  with  them  with- 
out any  usual  study  or  exertion. 

HOW  IT  IS  ACCOMPLISHED. 

This  reduction  is  accomplished  by  writing  the  80  per  cent,  not 


MANUAL,   OF    SHORT-HAND.  69 

here  given,  in  the  regular  '-Reporting  Style."  This  simply  con- 
sists of  taking  advantage  of  every  shortening  principle,  omitting 
all  vowels  and  writing  the  outline  in  position  when  standing 
alone,  or  when  joined  in  phrases  by  writing  the  first  word  in  the 
position  it  would  occupy  if  standing  alone.  To  illustrate,  take 

the  word  happy,  \<  given  as  a  grammalogue  by  Pitman,  would  in 
the  reporting  style  be  written  Pl,  because  the  accent  is  on  the 
first  syllable,  and  h  before  P  is  omitted ;  proof,  -\-  would  be  so 

written  in  the  reporting  style  because  r  would  be  added  by  the 
r  and  /  by  the  /-hook,  and  the  vowel  is  third  place ;  mine  is  writ- 
ten ^^.  because  i  is  first  place  and  n  final  is  represented  by  the 
n-hook;  mind  ^.because  d  is  added  by  the  halving  principle; 
myself,  '"TT^.  because  the  ess-circle  is  used  to  express  the  addition 

of  self;  matter,  by  ~Mdr  in  the  first  position,  because  the 

sound  of  ter,  der,  dhr  or  ther,  may  be  added  to  any  curved  stem  by 
lengthening,  and  the  vowel  is  first  place ;  they  are,  J  because 
they  would  be  written  (  and  are  is  added  by  the  r-hook;  wore, 
<^-^  written  so,  although  there  is  a  distinct  vowel  sound  between 

the  m  and  r,  because  there  is  no  danger  of  its  conflicting  with 
any  other  word  and  is  a  brief  way  of  writing  a  frequently  occur- 
ring word.  These  few  illustrations  will  show  the  principle 
employed  in  the  reduction  of  this  list,  and  how  much  time  has 
been  saved  the  student  in  consequence. 

§  164.  The  following  is  a  list  of  all  the  arbitrary  "word  signs"  in 
Isaac  Pitman's  list  and  a  few  which  it  has  been  thought  best  to 
add.  It  will  be  noticed  that  these  signs  are  generally  the  princi- 
pal consonant  of  the  word  and  are  written  in  the  position  of  the 

accented  vowel  except  ~"  for^o,  so  written  to  prevent  its  con- 
flicting with  — -  come,  in  case  the  G  was  made  too  light  or  the  K 
too  heavy ;  /  in  second  position  for  which  to  prevent  its  con- 
flicting with  CH  in  third  position  for  each,-  and  any  "^  ^,  to  pre- 
vent conflicting  with  "^^  no ;  in  a  phrase  no  should  always  bo 
vocalized.  • 


70                                     THE    SELF-IN 

\   1G5.     LIST  OI 

•A    1 
all    }                     ....  ?..., 

STRUCTOR'S 
'  WORD-SIGNS. 

movement  "] 
never          > 
next 
number         1 
opinion          |- 
opportonlty  J 
object       ] 
objection  V 
•part           J 
particular 
phonography 
principal 
l>riii"iple      1 
remember    > 
satlsfactor)'  J 

somewhat  1 
special         > 
'strength     j 
•strong   ) 
several  >• 
shall      j 
should  1 
•signify  \ 
similar  J 

similarity  1 
thank         ;• 
think         J 
thing     "I 
time       \ 
to,  two] 
truth  I 
usual  > 
•what  j 
which  1 
who       > 
will      J 
would  I 
young  }• 
•youth   J 

an  J 
and                                                      f 
any                         f 

advantage                              -* 
are           }                /           O            Q 

as-hls-lsj                                  _. 
as  has   1                               ^           \ 

but°      J                                               / 
can       ")                /          / 

charge  j 
come                 )                                  1 

do,  defendant  J 
•differ             1 

•different        J        *              t            Ci 
especially  1                           L             V 
first             \        ••(  »  
form            J             \ 
gave    I                                             — 

go        j 
has            1                           O           . 

how           J           rv              _           _ 
•however      1            I 

mportance  J           _ 
•  mpossible  1 

mprove      \                  "  -^i^  —  -^^- 
mproved   J                                             > 
nfluence  1           \      **"    •         X 

'ar^e          j           ^.^^     >N—> 
long         "I            .7.A...xr-7> 

length      ^ 
.member  J 

V 


/<-- 

c- 


Words  marked  (*)  are  not  "grammalogues,"  but  either  the 
forms  written  in  accordance  with  the  regular  reporting  style  or 
else  the  contracted  slang  expressions  so  frequently  used. 

CONTRACTIONS. 

\  166.  What  has  been  said  of  large  lists  of  word  signs  also  applies 
to  "contractions,"  and  no  rules  have  heretofore  been  given  for 
their  formation.  By  the  application  of  the  rules  previously 
given  the  labor  of  memorizing  a  large  list  is  avoided,  and  more 
time  saved  the  student  for  practice,  without  any  loss  of  speed. 

Take  the  contraction    <r  circumstantially,  reference  to  the  rules 
will  show  that  circum  may  be  omitted,  and  when  a  word  ends  in 


-tially  that  syllable  may  be  omitted ;  A  development,  by  the  rule 


MANUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


71 


that  when  a  word  would  extend  to  more  than  three  strokes  if 
written  in  full  omit  the  latter  part ;  ~/  knowledge,  by  the  rule 
that  I  between  n  and  j  should  be  omitted. 

\  167.  The  following  list  contains  a  number  of  contractions 
which  in  other  works  would  be  given  as  arbitrary  and  to  be 
memorized.  They  are  all  formed,  however,  according  to  pre- 
vious rules,  and  given  here  simply  to  assist  the  student  in  the 
formation  of  other  contractions ;  they  need  not  be  memorized  but 
should  be  written  several  times  until  the  principles  involved  in 
their  construction  is  understood. 


LIST. 


Advertise,  Di 
advertisement,  D1 
baptist,  B1:? 
baptised,  BMP 
baptism,  Bi;P 
because,  Kis, 
benevolent,  B2w:V 
business,  B3s 
cabinet,  KuB 
Catholic,  Ki:TH 
Catholicism,  KMTH 
certain,  sRH 
certainly,  sRH 
develop-ed,  D2:V£ 
development,  D2:V7 
derogatory,  DV:G 
difficult,  D3/:K 
dignify,  D3:G 
dignity,  D':G 
disadvantage,  Das:J 
document,  DMK 
enthusiasm,  N:TH3s 
equivalent,  K.3wv 
excuse,  sK3s 
exhorbitance,  G:s-R':B 
exhorbitant,  Gis-RMB 
exhorbitantlv,  Gi&R'iB 
expect,  sP2:fe 
expensive,  KsiF'ns 
expensiveness,  Ks:P2ws 
extraordinary, 
extravagance, 
facility,  F3s:L 
February,  F2:B 


federal,  F2:D 
gentlemen,  S 
generalize,  J2ns 
generalization,  J2wssH]ST 
governor,  G:V2 
immediately,  MsrMeZ 
impracticable,  M:PV:K 
improbable,  MiPViB 
incapable,  N:K:Pz 
indignant,  Ns<f:G 
insignificant,  N3s:G 
irregular,  R2:G 
magazine,  Mi:G 
mechanical,  M':Kn 
Mr,  Mv 

northwest,  'Nr:Wlst 
November,  N:V2 
practical,  Pir:K 
preliminary,  P3r:L:M. 
prerogative,  P}r:R:G 
public,  P^:B 
publish,  P2:B 
republic,  .R2:P:B 
republican,  /?2:P:B 
represent,  WiP 
representative,  .R2:P 
repugnant,  ^22:P:G 
responsible,  R}s:Pns 
reverend,  R2:V 
revenue,  ^2:V 
signature,  sG3 
signify,  sG3 
surprise,  sP'ra 
temperance,  T2:MP 


72  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

INITIALS. 

§  168.  Initials  should  be  expressed  in  long  hana  whenever  the 
speed  of  the  speaker  is  not  too  great  to  permit,  but  sometimes  it  is 
necessary  to  express  them  phonographically.  Most  phonographic 
authors  say  that  C  and  Q  should  be  written  in  long  hand  and  that 
G  should  be  expressed  by  the  consonant  G.  The  best  way  of  ex- 
pressing Q  is  by  the  consonant  K  with  the  w-hook  r  ,  C  by 

the  consonant  \  in  the  third  position,  and  G  by  the  stroke  J  in 
the  third  position.  If  this  is  done  G  and  J  and  S  and  C  will  never 
conflict,  as  J  should  be  represented  by  the  stroke  /  in  the  second 

position,  and  S  by  the  stroke  )  in  the  second  position.  R  should 
be  represented  by  Ree  and  W  by  the  stroke  W;  the  object  in 
writing  Ree  for  the  initial  R  is  to  prevent  W  and  R  ever  conflict- 
ing. Y  should  be  represented  by  the  contracted  Y  opening  up- 
ward ;  if  this  is  done  Y  and  L  will  never  conflict.  P,  T,  and  V 
should  be  represented  by  the  corresponding  consonants  written 
in  the  third  position,  and  B,  D,  and  F  by  the  corresponding  con- 
sonants written  in  the  second  position.  A  is  represented  by  a 
heavy  dot  in  the  second  position  (on  the  line)  and  E  by  a  heavy  dot 
just  below  the  line,  I  by  v  ,  U  by  ,->,  and  O  by  the  word  sign  for 

awe.  Z  should  be  represented  by  a  small  circle  in  the  third- 
position. 

EXPRESSION  OF  NUMBERS. 

| 169.  "Whenever  possible,  figures  should  be  expressed  by  the  ordi- 
nary Arabic  characters.  While  in  some  instances  they  are  not  as 
brief  as  the  words  phonographically  written,  they  are  somewhat 
more  legible,  and  their  distinctive  character  renders  them  conspic- 
uous in  the  midst  of  the  general  writing  and  is  of  advantage  when 
the  notes  have  often  to  be  referred  to.  It  is  best,  however,  always 
to  write  one  and  ten  in  short-hand.  When  several  ciphers  occur  the 
number  represented  by  them  should  be  expressed  in  phonography; 

thus,  27  (*_*  27,000,    80  ^-^/^*.  80,000,000,   £     8,  10,008.    In 

rapid  reporting  the  following  short-hand  letters,  written  close  to- 
the  figures,  will  be  found  useful :  ^  ^  hundred,  (  thotutnd,  ^~^ 


MANUAL,   OF    SHORT-HAND.  73 

million,  ** I   hundred  thousand, • >  hundred  million,  \    billion. 

Dollars  should  be  written  at  the  end  of  the  number ;  thus,   J     0 
$10,000.  VLx 

\  17C.  In  reporting  sermons  place  the  figure  for  the  Book  or 
Epistle  in  the  first  position,  for  the  chapter  in  the  second  position 
and  for  the  verse  in  the  third  position.  This  rule  may  be  applied 
when  reference  is  made  to  any  volume  of  a  work  when  the  num- 
ber of  the  volume,  chapter,  and  section  or  page  is  given. 

POSITIVE  AXD  NEGATIVE  WORDS. 

\  171.  Positive  and  negative  words  that  begin  with  il,  im,  in,  ir, 
should  be  distinguished  by  doubling  the  first  consonant ;  words  in 
ir  being  written  according  to  the  rules  of  the  upward  and  down- 
ward r;  thus,  LhQrl,  legal,  L3:L:Gl,  illegal,  ~M.tr:L3,  material,  M: 
Mtfr:Z<3,  immaterial,  ~Rlshn:L,  rational,  Hl:Rshn:L,  irrational,  R?:sLt, 
resolute,  J&siLt,  irresolute.  Write  both  the  upward  and  downward 
r  in  the  negative  when  the  downward  letter  does  not  produce  a 
good  joining. 


HOW  TO  ACQUIRE  SPEED. 

\  172.  When  the  student  has  written  all  the  writing  exercises, 
and  also  the  reading  exercises— first  covering  the  key  and  then 
comparing  what  he  has  written  with  the  engraved  short-hand — 
and  can  write  without  hesitation  any  and  all  of  the  words  given, 
he  is  ready  for  dictation  practice.  A  good  plan  for  the  student  is 
to  take  a  series  of  graded  readers  and  get  some  one  to  read  to 
him,  the  person  reading  varying  his  speed  to  suit  the  writer's. 
When  one  of  the  lower  readers  is  written  through  take  the  next 
highest,  and  so  on  until  all  have  been  written.  The  student 
should  not  try  to  write  fast  at  first,  but  should  endeavor  to  make 
his  outlines  correctly,  or  his  notes  will  be  illegible.  If  any  diffi- 
culty is  experienced  in  writing  a  word  a  circle  should  be  made 
around  it,  and  when  the  article  is  finished  the  words  in  rings 
should  be  written  over  and  over,  pronouncing  the  word  each  time, 
until  it  can  be  written  without  any  hesitation.  Everything 
written  must  be  read,  and  it  is  excellent  practice  to  read  what 
was  written  a  week  or  ten  days  before.  If  you  have  no  series  of 
readers  take  some  easy  article  from  a  paper  or  book  and  write  it 
several  times,  or  if  it  does  not  become  too  irksome,  until  a  speed  of 


74  THE    SELF-IXSTRUCTOR'S 

from  fifty  to  seventy-live  words  a  minute  is  attained  ;  then  take 
something  else  and  repeat.  This  will  give  an  extended  vocab- 
ulary; the  forms  are  memorized  almost  unconsciously  and  the 
ability  to  write  them  without  hesitation  whenever  the  words  are 
spoken  is  acquired.  Speed  in  short-hand  depends  upon  the  facility 
with  which  when  a  word  is  spoken  its  true  outline  is  recognized, 
and  this  is  only  reached  by  becoming  familiar  with  the  words  in 
common  use  by  writing  them  again  and  again.  When  the  student 
can  write  at  the  rate  of  fifty  words  a  minute  he  should  begin  to 
take  notes  of  lectures  and  sermons.  At  first,  of  course,  the  writer 
will  be  unable  to  keep  up  with  the  speaker.  A  few  trials  will, 
however,  materially  increase  his  speed.  The  object  at  first  should 
not  be  to  write  as  rapidly  as  possible  but  simply  to  take  down  as 
much  of  what  is  said  as  can  be  readily  deciphered  afterwards. 
The  writer  should  not  leave  off  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence  and 
commence  another  with  the  speaker,  but  should  try  to  secure  as 
many  complete  phrases  and  sentences  as  possible.  These  may  be 
abbreviated,  if  necessary,  in  order  to  enable  the  writer  to  preserve 
the  drift  of  the  speaker's  discourse.  In  this  manner  an  intel- 
ligible transcript  could  be  furnished.  The  writer  should  accustom 
himself  to  be  several  words  behind  the  speaker,  because  in  follow- 
ing rapid  speakers  if  he  has  not  trained  himself  in  this  particular 
he  will  find  it  extremely  difficult  to  recover  lost  ground.  As  to 
the  length  of  time  necessary  to  acquire  a  speed  of  from  100  to  120 
words  a  minute  much  depends  of  course,  upon  the  natural  ability 
of  the  writer  and  the  amount  of  time  he  is  willing  to  bestow 
daily  upon  the  task. 

\  173.  Beginners  are  apt  to  lose  much  time  in  turning  over  the 
leaves  of  their  reporting  books.  The  following  plan,  recom- 
mended by  Mr.  Thos.  A.  Reed,  the  leading  English  reporter,  is 
perhaps  the  best  that  can  be  adopted:  "While  writing  on  the 
upper  half  of  the  leaf  introduce  the  second  finger  of  the  left  hand 
between  it  and  the  next  leaf,  keeping  the  leaf  on  which  you  are 
writing  steady  by  the  first  finger  and  thumb.  While  writing  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  page  shift  the  leaf  by  degrees,  till  it  is 
about  half  way  up  the  book ;  when  it  is  convenient,  lift  up  the 
thumb  and  the  leaf  will  turn  over  almost  by  itself.  This  is  the 
best  plan  for  writing  on  a  desk  or  table.  When  writing  on  the 
knee  the  first  finger  should  be  introduced  instead  of  the  second, 
and  the  leaf  be  shifted  up  only  about  two  inches.  The  finger 
should  be  introduced  at  the  first  pause  the  speaker  makes,  or  at 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  75 

any  other  convenient  opportunity  that  presents  itself."  The 
writer  should  confine  himself  to  one  side  of  the  book  till  it  ia 
filled  in  this  way,  and  then  turn  it  over,  begin  at  the  end  and 
write  in  the  same  manner  on  the  blank  pages. 


THE  AMANUENSIS. 

"When  the  student  can  for  several  minutes  maintain  an  average 
speed  of  about  one  hundred  words  a  minute,  and  legibly  tran- 
scribe his  notes,  he  is  ready,  so  far  as  short-hand  is  concerned,  to 
accept  a  position  as  amanuensis.  But  other  qualifications  besides 
ability  to  write  and  -ead  short-hand  are  necessary,  and,  in  fact,, 
indispensable. 

A  good  style  of  penmanship,  not  an  ornate,  flourishing  hand, 
but  a  plain,  readable,  rapid  style  is  important.  Ability  to  oper- 
ate a  writing  machine  with  accuracy  and  at  a  fair  rate  of  speed 
is  also  necessary. 

Good  spelling  and  capitalization  are  of  course  requisite,  for 
inaccuracies  which  might  escape  the  glance  of  the  hurried  reader 
of  a  pen  written  sheet  are  very  conspicuous  when  printed. 

The  amanuensis  should  understand  punctuation ;  but  if  he  does 
not,  he  must  become  familiar  with  it,  by  studying  some  good  text 
book  on  the  subject,  and  also  noting  the  marks  used  in  correctly 
written  letters  or  other  articles.  Avoid  using  too  many  punctua- 
tion marks. 

The  mere  ability  to  put  down  in  legible  short-hand  and  accu- 
rately transcribe  what  is  dictated  is  not  the  whole  duty  of  the 
amanuensis.  He  should  be  able  to  write  a  good  business-like 
letter  himself,  and  be  acquainted  with  common  business  terms ; 
he  should  also  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  grammar  and  com- 
position, so  as  to  be  able  to  reconstruct  a  sentence  dictated  in 
ambiguous  language. 

The  amanuensis  should  attend  strictly  to  business.  He  should 
confine  his  thoughts  to  his  work ;  listen  attentively  to  what  is 
being  dictated  and  try  to  comprehend  it,  so  if  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  refer  back  to  any  part  it  can  be  found  without  delay. 

If  at  any  time  the  amanuensis  does  not  clearly  understand  what 
is  said  he  should  ask  the  person  dictating  to  repeat.  He  should 
not  trust  to  luck  or  inspiration  to  supply  it  when  transcribing  his 
notes ;  it  is  better  to  acknowledge  his  inability  to  keep  up  rather 


76  THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 

than  to  give  the  impression  that  he  is  getting  every  word,  and 
then  be  compelled  to  hand  in  an  incorrect  transcript. 

An  amanuensis  will  have  to  become  familiar  with  the  ways  and 
business  of  his  employer  before  he  can  do  his  work  satisfactorily. 
Every  business  has  peculiar  terms,  names  and  expressions  which 
the  amanuensis  must  learn.  A  good  way  to  do  this  is  to  take  the 
lirm's  catalogue,  circulars,  etc.,  and  write  and  re-write,  in  short- 
hand, the  technical  terms  until  memorized.  The  student,  when 
practicing  for  speed,  should  get  all  the  business  catalogues  and 
circulars  possible  and  write  the  technical  terms  and  names  of 
articles  handled,  until  conversant  with  their  outlines. 

Be  neat,  both  in  personal  appearance  and  work.  A  letter  with 
marks  of  erasure  scattered  through  it  looks  slovenly,  unattractive 
and  has  less  weight  than  a  neatly  written  one. 

Be  polite.  Many  an  amanuensis  has  lost  his  position  from  a 
lack  of  proper  courtesy  and  respect. 

To  be  successful,  the  amanuensis  must  work  to  his  employer's 
interest.  He  should  exercise  great  care  in  transcribing  his  letters 
and  get  them  out  as  rapidly  as  possible.  It  may  be  necessary  at 
times  to  remain  later  than  usiial,  but  the  amanuensis  should  not 
complain  or  act  disagreeable,  as  in  all  probability  the  extra  work 
will  not  be  forgotten. 

The  position  of  the  amanuensis  is  one  of  trust  and  responsi- 
bility, and  no  business  or  professional  man  would  care  to  employ 
one  in  whom  he  could  not  place  the  utmost  confidence.  He  must 
possess  a  good  moral  character  and  hold  strictly  inviolate  all 
knowledge  of  his  employer's  affairs,  or  he  will  not  long  retain  a 
position  where  business  privacies  must  be  strictly  regarded. 

In  conclusion,  the  amanuensis  must  not  be  content  to  just  hold 
his  place,  he  should  endeavor  to  rise  in  his  business  as  well  as  in 
the  estimation  of  his  employer,  and  strive  by  every  honorable 
means  to  reach  such  a  stage  that  he  is  almost  indispensable.  To 
do  this  he  must  work  hard  to  obtain  a  correct  knowledge  of  the 
business,  be  faithful,  honest  and  upright,  willing,  but  not  officious. 


HINTS  ON  REPORTING. 

If  there  is  any  doubt  about  the  proper  word  being  written  a 
circle  should  be  placed  around  the  outline  or  a  cross  under  it.  If 
a  word  has  been  lost  to  the  ear  a  caret  should  be  made  under  the 
line  to  denote  the  omission.  If  part  of  a  sentence  should  be  thus 


MANUAL   OF    SHORT-HAND.  77 

lost,  the  same  mark  may  be  made  and  a  space  left  proportionated 
to  the  number  of  words  omitted.  The  letters  nh  (not  heard)  in 
long-hand  may  mean  that  to  the  extent  of  a  sentence  or  more  the 
speaker  Avas  not  audible  to  the  reporter.  The  advantage  derived 
in  thus  noting  these  omissions  is  that  if  the  speech  was  taken  for 
a  newspaper  the  omissions  may  be  commented  on  as  [here  the 
speaker's  voice  was  so  low  as  to  be  inaudible],  etc. 

A  large  X  in  the  left  hand  margin  may  be  used  to  denote  an 
error  on  the  part  of  the  speaker  on  which  it  may  be  necessary  to 
comment  when  transcribing. 

In  reporting  a  sermon,  a  quotation  from  the  Scripture  or  the 
text,  etc.,  need  not  be  written  in  full ;  the  commencing  and  con- 
cluding words  with  a  long  dash  between  is  sufficient. 

In  reporting  a  speech  the  outbursts  of  the  audience  should  be 
recorded  at  the  very  point  where  such  occur ;  all  remarks  by  the 
auditors  should  be  noted  both  in  the  notes  and  the  transcript. 
In  describing  the  kind  of  applause,  laughter,  etc.,  the  adjective 
should  be  written  last.  Thus,  what  the  reporter  would  describe 
in  his  transcript  as  "loud  and  continued  applause"  should  be 
written  in  the  notes  P1^  L':D  T3:N:D,  for  he  will  not  know  that 
it  is  continued  until  it  has  lasted  some  time. 

When  a  phrase  is  repeated  several  times  in  a  sentence,  a  waved 
dash  line  may  be  used  to  denote  the  repeated  words  instead  of 
writing  them  every  time  they  occur. 

In  reporting  lectures  or  speeches  on  special  topics,  wherein  a 
term  or  phrase  may  be  expected  to  occur  frequently,  the  phono- 
grapher  will  find  it  advisable  to  prepare  contractions  for  the 
occasion,  or  extemporize  them  when  reporting. 

LEGAL  REPORTING. 

For  reporting  the  examination  of  witnesses,  the  note  book  should 
have  a  line  running  down  the  left  hand  side  of  the  page  about  an 
inch  from  the  margin.  All  questions  should  begin  close  to  the 
left  side  of  the  page,  and  if  occupying  more  than  a  line  each  sub- 
sequent line  should  begin  as  the  first.  The  full  answer  should  be 
written  at  the  right  of  the  ruled  line.  This  plan  is  very  con- 
venient for  reference.  The  reporter  should  be  provided  with  a 
seat  at  a  table  or  desk,  so  placed,  if  possible,  that  he  shall  face 
the  witness  stand  and  be  near  to  it,  and  at  the  same  time  so  situ- 
ated that  he  can  hear  whatever  may  be  said  by  the  presiding 
judge  or  by  the  counsel. 


78  THE   SELF-INSTRUCTOIt'S 

At  the  top  of  the  first  page  of  the  notes  write  the  name  of  the 
court,  where  held,  term,  name  of  the  presiding  judge  or  judges, 
the  title  of  the  cause,  its  number  and  character,  the  names  of  the 
counsel  appearing  for  each  party,  and  lastly  the  date  of  the  com- 
mencement of  the  trial. 

In  criminal  cases  the  examination  of  jurors  previous  to  being 
sworn  should  be  reported,  as  exceptions  to  the  rulings  of  the 
court  in  regard  to  their  competency  may  be  taken.  The  opening 
statement  of  the  counsel  for  the  plaintiff  should  be  reported, 
but  the  remarks  of  counsel  need  not  be  taken  down  unless  spe- 
cially requested.  The  judges  charge  unless  read  from  manuscript, 
must  always  be  reported.  Motions  and  objections  of  counsel, 
and  rulings  of  the  court  need  not  be  reported  in  full,  a  synopsis 
being  all  that  is  necessary. 

All  testimony  must  be  taken  down  with  literal  exactness,  and 
in  the  transcript  the  language  of  the  witness,  no  matter  how  un- 
grammatical  should  be  left  unchanged.  Notice  all  mispronuncia- 
tions, wherever  possible.  Write  Klnt  for  can'/,  Kl:Xrf,  cannot, 
K3nt,  couldn't,  K3rf:Xrf,  could  not,  D*nt,  don't,  D2  X'i!,  do  not,  D3nt, 
didn't,  D3  N1^,  did  not.  Would  not  and  wouldn't,  won't  and  will  not, 
and  similar  words  should  be  so  written  that  in  transcribing  the 
notes  the  exact  language  of  the  witness  may  be  given. 

The  name  of  each  witness  should  form  a  fresh  heading  and  be 
written  in  long  hand.  The  name  of  the  examiner  may  be  written 
in  phonography,  and  should  be  placed  under  that  of  the  witness 
If  the  judge  or  other  person  interferes  and  asks  a  question,  the 
name  of  the  interrupting  party  should  precede  the  question.  If 
he  asks  several  questions,  his  name  need  not  be  repeated  after  the 
first,  but  care  must  be  taken  to  insert  the  name  of  the  original 
examiner  when  he  resumes.  When  a  document  is  put  in,  note 
the  fact,  and  if  it  is  read,  record  this  also. 

Transcripts  of  legal  proceedings  should  be  written  on  legal 
cap,  both  sides  of  the  paper,  and  the  first  page  should  be  used  as 
the  title  page  of  each  day's  report.  Each  title  page,  like  the  first 
page  of  the  notes,  should  contain  the  name  of  the  court,  title  of 
cause,  judge's  name,  names  of  counsel,  plaintiff  and  defendant, 
and  date  of  trial. 

REPORTING  FOR  THE  PRESS. 

The  necessary  qualifications  for  a  successful  reporter  are  a  good 
natural  ability,  a  good  education,  the  power  of  expressing  his. 


MANUAL  OF   SHOUT-HAND.  79 

thoughts  in  clear,  concise  and  unambiguous  manner ;  ability  to 
condense  (or  "boil  down"  as  it  is  called)  or  to  expand  when  neces- 
sary;  ability  to  distinguish  between  a  good  and  a  poor  item  and 
to  "write  up"  the  good  one  in  an  attractive  way.  A  knowledge 
of  Phonography  is  not  absolutely  necessary,  yet  it  will  prove  a 
valuable  aid  to  the  reporter  when  his  "assignment"  consists  of  an 
interview,  lecture,  or  sermon,  even  when  only  a  synopsis  is 
required. 

Interviewing  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  branches  of  reportorial 
work.  It  requires  special  tact  and  discrimination,  self-possession, 
easy,  fluent,  conversational  powers,  and  ability  to  obtain  the  de- 
sired information  even  when  the  party  interviewed  is  determined 
not  to  divulge  it,  and  to  escape  the  humiliation  of  becoming  the 
interviewed  instead  of  the  interviewer.  In  case  the  party  inter- 
viewed is  some  prominent  person  from  some  other  city  or 
country,  his  personal  appearance  should  first  be  described  and 
then  the  interview,  if  the  man's  prominence  and  the  subject  war- 
rant it,  may  follow  in  full ;  but  if  the  person  is  not  very  promi- 
nent, nor  the  subject  one  of  special  interest,  a  brief  synopsis  only 
should  be  given.  After  the  novice  has  several  times  had  a  volum- 
inous unimportant  article  handed  by  the  "city  editor"  to  some 
experienced  reporter  with  instructions  to  "cut  that  down  to  six 
lines,"  he  will  learn  to  be  more  discriminating  or  else  seek  some 
other  branch  of  the  profession. 

In  reporting  a  lecture,  political  meeting,  etc.,  the  reporter 
should,  in  the  beginning  of  his  article,  mention  the  size  and 
appearance  of  the  audience,  decorations  of  hall  if  any,  names  of 
gentlemen  seated  on  the  platform  and  anj^thing  of  interest 
occurring  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  exercises.  All  preliminary 
remarks  should  be  noted.  If  the  speaker  is  introduced  to  the 
audience  by  the  chairman  or  any  other  person,  it  should  be 
noticed  about  as  follows :  "  The  chairman  (or  name  of  party 
introducing)  then  introduced  the  Hon.  Peter  Cooper,  who  spoke 
substantially  as  follows :"  then  give  the  speech,  noting  all  inter- 
ruptions of  any  kind.  In  transcribing  the  notes  the  various  inter- 
ruptions should  be  inclosed  in  brackets ;  thus,  [A  voice :  "That's 
so."]  [Laughter.] 

In  conclusion,  whether  reporting  every  word,  or  simply  pre- 
paring condensed  reports  of  long  harrangues  containing  but  few 
principles,  the  reporter  is  called  upon  to  exercise  his  mental 
powers  to  a  great  extent,  A  man  may  make  an  indifferent  speech 


80 


TIIE   SELF-INSTKUCTOK'S 


so  far  as  language  is  concerned,  but  overflowing  with  excellent 
thoughts  or  valuable  information,  which  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
reporter  to  condense,  improve,  and,  in  fact,  render  intelligible. 
In  short,  it  is  expected  of  the  reporter  that  he  will  make  a  good 
speech  for  a  bad  speaker. 


WORDS  WITH  L  OR  R  HOOKS. 

The  following  list  contains  nearly  all  the  words  in  common  use 
with  a  distinct  vowei  sound  preceding  the  I  or  r  where  the  I  or  r 
is  expressed  by  the  hook  instead  of  stem.  A  general  rule  followed 
in  the  formation  of  this  list  is  that  when  r  is  immtdiately  fol- 
lowed by  7«,  or  by  /  immediately  followed  by  another  consonant, 
the  hook  is  used.  When  m  and  r,  n  and  r,  or  ch  and  r,  are  the 
only  consonants  in  a  word,  unless  two  vowels  intervene  or  there 
is  a  final  vowel  sound  then  express  the  r  by  the  hook.  D  and  r 
with  an  intervening  third-place  vowel  sound  may  be  expressed  by 
Dr.  When  r  and  I  are  the  first  or  only  consonants  in  a  word  they 
should  be  expressed  by  RL. 


Accord, 
accordingly, 
accordance, 
accordant, 
accordian,  Kr:Din 
adverse,  DMVw 
adversity,  DnVrtt 
apartment,  fW 
attorney,  T*r:N 
Bold,  B2W 
boldly,  BM:L 
burglar,  BV:GZ:R 
Calcinate, 
calcine,  Kif:sN 
call,  Kil 
carbon,  Kr:BJn 
care,  K»r 
cared, 
carmine,  K>r:M» 
carnage,  Kir:N:J 
carnal, 
carnation, 
carpet,  Kr:P>£ 
cartoon,  KV:T» 
chair,  CH2r 
character,  K!r:K*r 


Charles,  CWr-.Ls 
charm,  CH'r:M 
cheer,  CI1V 
cheerful,  CHV:FJ 
child,  CHVrf 
children,  ClI3l:Drn 
coarse,  KVs 
coarsely,  ~K.~h-.sL 
coarseness,  KVs:\s 
cold,  K-Vrf 
coldness.  K2W:Ns 
collect,  KJ:K:T2 
collection,  K*l:K.shn 
college,  K/:.I' 
colonial,  KJ:N:L» 
colonize,  KV:N« 
colony,  K'/:X 
comfortless,  .¥*rf:Ls 
comparative,  .Plrt:V 
convert,  .Vh-t 
converse,  .V2rs 
cordage,  KrrfiJ1 
corner,  K'r:Nr 
cornet,  KV:N< 
cornice, 
coronation, 


MAKUAL  OF  SHORT-HAND. 


81 


corporal,  Kr:Plr:L 
corporeal,  Kr:Pv:Z, 
correct,  Kr:K:T2 
corrupt,  Kr:P*t 
cortical,  Klrt:Kl 
courage,  K;-:J2 
course,  K2rs 
court,  K2?-# 
courteous,  Kr:T2s 
courtier,  K?-t:R* 
create,  Kr:T3 
culminate,  K^MilSTcTa 
culmination,  K2J:M:NsA« 
cupboard,  K:P2:B/-<2 
cur,  KV 
curdle,  KVe?:L 
curse,  K2rs 
cursed,  K^rst 
cursory,  K*i-:sR 
curtain,  K>r£:N 
curtail,  K¥if:L 
Dark,  D'?':K 
dear,  DV 
dearer,  D3r:K 
dearness,  D3r:Ns 
debark,  D»:Br:K 
department,  D'lP^Mn^ 
deportment,  D2:Pri(:Mni; 
dirk,  DV:K 
during,  DV 
Effulgent,  ~FH:3nt 
eternity,  TViNiT 
Ferment,  FV:Mw^ 
fertilize,  ¥*rt:Ls 
farther,  Fltr 
lirkin,  FV:Kw 
for,  F'r 

former,  F'^-iMr 
fulgent,  FH:Jnt 
furlough,  FV:i 
furnace,  FV:Ns 
furnish,  F2rw:SH 
furniture,  F2m:T:R 
further,  F*rtr 
furthest,  F2r:THs< 
Garb,  Gr:B' 
garden,  G'rrf-.N" 
gargle,  G'r:GiJ 
garment,  G'r:M/^ 
garner,  G'rrNr 
garnish,  Gm:SHl 
garter,  Gltr 


germ,  J2r:M 
germane,  J2r:Mn 
Germany,  J2r:M:N 
girded,  G'h-diD 
gold,  G2M 
griddle, 
guard,  G'rrf 
guardian, 
guerdon,     2r: 
gurgle,  Gw:Gi 
Ignore,  G2:Nr 
ignorance,  G3iNrns 
incarnate,  N':Kr:N"< 
Jerk,  J2?-:K 
journey,  JV:X 
Merely,  M?-:^3 
moral,  M.r:Li 
morally,  Mr:L' 
more,  M'V 
Mormon,  M'rrMn 
murder,  Mvrfr 
myrtle,  Mrt:Lv 
Narrate,  Nr:T2 
narrative,  N>:T't7 
near,  N-V 
nearly, 
nor,  N  V 
nurse,  N2rs 
nurture,  N2 
Occur,  K2r 
occurrent,        : 
operate,  Ph-t 
operator,  Plrtr 
operation,  P*rshn 
Parallel,  Pir:L:L 
paramount,  Plr-Mnt 
parcel,  PV«:L 
parsley,  P}r:sL 
partake,  PVfcK 
perceive,  P¥s:V 
perception,  P*rs:Pshn 
percussion,  P*r:Kshn 
peremptory,  PV:MP:Tr 
perfect,  PV£K< 
perfection,  F*rf:Kshn 
perfume,  P2r:F:M 
perhaps,  PV:Ps 
perjure,  P^r.Jr 
perjury,  P2r:Jr 
permanent, 
permeate, 
permission, 


82 


THE    SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 


permit,  P33rMt 
persist,  P  rss:'f 
perspire,  Pi?-s:P:R 
pervade,  P2r:Vd 
perverse,  P*r:Vrs 
I)yramid,  PVrMrf 
political,  P*ll:Kl 
politics,  Pllt:Ks 
portray,  P*r:Tr 
Kail,  I'M 
raillery,  Rd:R 
real,  IVl 
realize,  R\ls 
realized,  RHsi 
reality,  RH:T 
record,  R*:Krd 
recur,  R2:Kr 
regard,  Rl:Grd 
relentless,  R^l-.^tiLa 
relevance,  Ril:Vns 
relief,  RHf 
relished,  Rd:$llt 
roll,  R'l 
roller,  R*l:R 
rollic,  Ril:K 
rule,  RU 
ruling,  R*l:NG 
ruler,  RH:R 
rural,  R3:Rl 
Separate,  sP2?-:T 
separation,  sP'rsAw 
shark,  SH'rrK 
shirk,  SH  r:K 
short,  SH?n! 
speculate,  sP?:KU 
speculation,  aP'iKLihn 


spirit,  sP3rt 
sure,  SHsr 
Telegraph,  Ttl:Grf 
telegraphy,  T»/:Gr:F 
tell,  T*t 
term,  T2r:M 
terminate,  '1V:M:X:T 
terminus,  TViMrN* 
their,  DH2r 
there,  DH?r 
third,  THird 
thirst,  THtf-s£ 
thirty,  TH«r:T 
Thursday*,  TH»-s:D 
till,  IV 
told,  T»W 
torment,  Tir:Mn< 
toward,  T«rrf 
turgid,  Tsr:Jrf 
turkey,  Tw:K 
turmoil,  T2r:M:7, 
Verbal,  Vir:B/ 
verdict,  V2/^:K/ 
verse,  V2»'s 
version,  V'2rshn 
vertebra,  \trt\Qr 
vertex,  VirtiK* 
vertical,  V*rt:Kl 
virgo,  V-2r:G 
virtual,  Vwf.L 
virtue,  Virt 
virulence,  V2r:Lns 
virulent,  Vir:Lnt 
vortex,  V'TT!:K.S 
vulgar,  Vd:Gr 
vulgarity,  V<l:Gr:T 


Preface . 

ADVICE  TO   STUDENTS. 

Paper  to  be  Used— Holding  the  Pencil— How  to  Write— Length  of 
Consonants — Writing  and  Reading— Phonetic  Spelling — Im- 
portant Advice pages  5  -6 

SIMPLE  CONSONANT  STEMS. 
Table  of  Consonants,  Aid  in  Learning,  How  Written— CH  and 

Bee  Distinguished §§  1-6 

VOWELS  AND  DIPHTHONGS. 

Number  of  Vowels,  How  Represented— Vowel  Scale— Number  of 
Diphthongs — Table — Insertion  of  Vowels — Dash  Vowels  and 
Diphthongs— Necessity  of  Thoroughly  Memorizing  the  Vowel 

Sounds— Vowels  not  to  be  Inserted §§  7-13 

POSITION  OF  CONSONANT  STEMS. 
Different  Positions— First,  Second  and  Third  Position  Vowel 

Sounds,  and  Rules  for  Writing  Consonants §§  14-17 

JOINING  OF  CONSONANT  STEMS. 

Consonant    Stems   Repeated— Combinations   Having  Angles— 

Combinationa  Without  Angles §§  18-23 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  SH,  L  AND  R. 

When  SH  should  be  Written  Downward,  When  Upward— When 
L  should  be  Written  Downward,  When  Upward — L  after  N  or 
M— When  to  Use  R— When  to  Use  Ree— When  r  follows  H  or 

Ree,  andr  in  the  Middle  of  Words §§  25-33 

SIGNS  FOR  H. 

When  to  Use  Stroke  H— H  Omitted  from  Words— The  tick  H §§  34-36 

SIGNS  FOR  W  AND  Y. 

Use  of  Stems—  The  Contracted  Form  —  W-hook  on  L,  Ree,  M 

and  N— Use  in  Phrase  Writing §§  37-39 

Reading  Exercise  No.  1  andKey page     15 

Writing  Exercise  No.  1 "        16 


1L  INDEX. 

Simple  Consonant  and  Vowel  Word  Signs §§  40-41 

TICKS  AND  JOINING  OF  WORDS. 

Method  of  Expressing  "  the,"  "a,"  "an,"  "  ho,"  and  "I," — Joining 

of  Word  Signs — Expression  of  "of  the" §§  42-47 

Writing  Exercise  No.  2  with  Remarks  on  Vocalizing page     18 

8  AND  Z  CIRCLE. 

Use  of  Circle,  How  Joined  to  Stems — Table— Methods  of  Indicat- 
ing "sr"— Circle  Between  Two  Strokes— Where  Used— Stems 
with  Circles,  How  Read — Circle  on  np-Strokes,  Between  L 
and  N  or  NG  and  L  and  V — When  to  use  Stroke  instead  of  Cir- 
cle— Large  Circle  Used — "St"  and  "Str"  Loops — Circle  added 
to  Large  Circle  and  Loops— "as,"  "has,"  "is,"  "his,"  or  "us," 
added  by  the  Circle— "Is  it"  added  by  Small  Loop— "Their," 
"there"  or"  they  are"Added  by  Changing  the  Circle  into  Large 
Loop — Circle  Added  to  Represent  the  Plural  or  Possessive 
Case  of  Nouns,  etc.— "T"  Omitted  Between  "s"  and  Another 
Consonant— Circle  Word  Signs §§  48-75 

Reading  Exercise  No.  2  and  Key,  and  Writing  Exercise  No.  3. .  .pages  24-26 

L  AND  X  HOOKS. 

Their  Use,  How  made  and  on  what  Stems— SHI,  ZIIl,  SHr  and 
Zflr,  how  Distinguished— The  r-hookonM  and  N— Tables  of 
L  and  R  Hook  Combinations — When  the  Hooks  are  Read — An 
"Offset"  Instead  of  Hook— Writing  Exercise  No.  4— To  Avoid 
Long  and  Inconvenient  Outlines — Proper  Employment  of  the 
I  and  r  Hook— 8  Prefixed— Tables  of  sPZ  and  sPr  Series— Cir- 
cle and  Hook  in  the  Middle  of  Words— Circle  Turned  to  the 
Right— The  Combination  "s,  t  and  r,"  Way  to  Write  it— The 
Syllables  "in,"  "un"  and  "en"— "All"  or  "Will"  Added  by  the 
/-hook— "Are"  or  "Our"  Added  by  the  r-hook— L  and  r  hook 

Word  Signs— Large  Initial  Hook  for  W §§  76-101 

Reading  Exercise  No.  3  and  Key page    31 

Writing  Exercise  No.  5 "        32 

F,  V  AND  N  HOOKS. 

How  Made— Tables  of  /-hook  and  n-hook  Comoinations— When 
th«  Hooks  must  not  be  Used— S  Added  to  the  /-hook  and  to 
the  n-hook  on  Curves — "S,"  "ss,"  "st"  and  "str"  added  to 
n-hooks  on  Straight  Stfttns — "N-hook  Circles  and  Loops"  in 
the  Middle  of  Words— S  Added  to  n-hook  "Circles  and  Loops" 
— F,  vorn  hooks  in  the  Middle  of  Words — "Have,"  "ever"  or 
"of"  Expressed  by  the  r-hook— "Than,"  "own,"  "in"  or 

"been"  Added  by  n-hook— F  and  N-hook  Word  Signs §§  102-115 

Reading  Exercise  No.  4  and  Key page    35 

Writing  Exercise  No.6 "        36 


INDEX.  iii. 

SHN  AND  TER  HOOKS. 

Remarks— How  Represented— Table  of  s/m-hook  Combinations— 
SH  with  an  n-liook  Used  Instead  of  s/m-hook — The  esshon- 
hook—  S/m-hook  in  the  Middle  of  Words— S/m-hook  Word 
Signs — The  *er-hook  and  when  Used — Table  of  ter-hook  Com- 
binations—"Der,"  how  Expressed— Circle  Added  to  shn  and 
*er-hook— The  n-hook  Inside  of  <er-hook— -'Their,"  "there"  or 
"they  are"  Added  by  fcr-hook §§  116-126 

Reading  Exercise  No.  5  and  Key,  and  Writing  Exercise  No.  7 page    40 

LENGTHENING. 

Lengthening  Curve  Steins  with  the  Exception  of  NG  and  MP-B— 
Lengthening  a  Straight  Stem  with  a  final  hook — "Their," 
"there,"  "they  are"  or  "other"  by  theLengthening Principle — 
Triple-Length  Curves — Lengthening  NG  and  MP-B — Length- 
ening NG  and  MP-B  to  add  "there,"  etc §§127-129a 

Reading  Exercise  No.  5,  and  Key page    43 

Writing  Exercise  No.  8 page   44 

HALVING. 

Half-Length  Stems — Caution — Positions  of — Half-Length  Stems 
not  to  be  Joined — Syllables  "ted"  or  "ded"  Following  Straight 
Perpendicular  Stems — Half-Length  S  Written  Upward— Final 
t  or  d  Followed  by  a  Vowel — Half-Length  L  and  Ree — "To"  or 
"it"  Added  by  Halving — "Not"  Added  by  the  n-hook  and 

Halving  Principle  Combined— Half  -Length  Word  Signs §§  130-143 

Reading  Exercise  No.  7,  and  Key page    47 

Writing  Exercise  No.  9 pages  48-49 

Sign   for   "Rm"— Sign  for  "Yr"— Use  of  MP-B— Primitive   and 

Derivative— The  Past  Tense— "Ns"  Following  a  Curve §§  144-150 

Reading  Exercise  No.  8,  and  Key page    54 

Writing  Exercise  No.  10 "       55 

CONTRACTIONS. 

List  of  Prefixes—  Suffixes— "Regular  Prefixes"— Omission  of  Con- 
sonants—Omission of  Words §§  151-155 

Writing  Exercise  No.  11 page   62 

PHRASE  WRITING. 

Advantage — Of  What  Phrases  Should  Consist— Rule  for  Writing 

—Caution §§  156-159 

List  of  Useful  Phrases pages  65-66 

RULES  FOR  FORMING  CONTRACTIONS. 

Intersected  Consonants— Omission  of  Syllables  and  Consonants 

—Long  Hand  Abbreviations • • §  161 


ly.  INDEX. 

WORD  SIGNS. 

Reduction  of  List— Plan  of  Reduction— Our  List— Remarks  on 

Contractions— List  formed  from  Preceding  Rules §§  1G2-1C7 

Initials — Expression  of  Numbers — Reporting  Sermons,  the  Text — 

Positive  and  Negative  Words §§  108-171 

HOW  TO  ACQUIRE  SPEED. 

Method  of  Practice— What  to  Write  and  how  to  Write  it — Read- 
Ing  Notes— First  Attempts  to  Follow  a  Speaker— How  to  turn 
the  Leaves  of  Note  Book— Write  Only  on  One  Side  of  Leaf. .  .§§  172-173 

THE  AMANUENSIS. 

Speed  Necessary— Qualifications  Requisite— How  to  Learn  Tech- 
nical Terms— Important  and  Valuable  Advice page  75 

HINTS  ON  REPORTING. 

Significant  Marks — Quotations  from  the  Scripture— Outbursts  of 
the  Audience — Repeated  Phrases — Reporting  Special  Topics — 
Essential  Points  of  Legal  Reporting — Reporting  for  the 
Press page  76 

List  of  Words  with  1  and  r  hooks  where  a  Vowel  Sound  Precedes 

the  1  or  r,  and  Condensed  Rules page  80 


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